Jazz Concert Review Essay -- Music Jazz Musical Review Essays

Jazz Concert Review I enjoy and listen to variety of music from classical music to rap music. I have attended many concerts, mostly symphony bands concerts. However, interestingly, through whole my life, I have never experienced roll in the hay music and I have never been to jazz concert. in that locationfore, it was hard for me to decide which jazz concerts would give me most pleasure and exciting experience. I researched for jazz concerts lean and I have decided to go to the Ron Eschete Trio Concerts because it was held closed to my house and was free.Compared to all the other concerts that I have gone to, the Ron Eschete Trio concert was a definite change in atmosphere. On February 23, 20001 I attended a concert held at Ahmnson Building in Los Angeles County Museum of Art, featuring Ron Eschete on s counterbalance string guitar, Todd Johnson on six string bass, and Paul Humphrey on drums. It was three hours long, from 530 to 830. I arrived there little late because it said to be held on times mirror central court but it was actually tending at lower level of Ahmnson Building. As soon as I walked in, I realized that it has totally contrasting atmosphere from what my expectations were for the music concerts. Unlike all the other concerts I attended, this concert intended for small audience, probably around a hundred people. Also, this jazz concert seemed very relaxed and comfortable. Most of people were dressed very casual, wearing jeans and shirts. But the instrumentalists were dressed in suit, which seemed quite awkward to me. There was a good diverse group of people, from young children to senior citizens. There was also a pretty even mix of different cultures, too. While the musician?s were playing, I was surprised how the audience was. Most of the audience was talking loud, drinking alcohol and eating snacks. Some audience was even clapping transfer and humming along with the song. This was quite an opposite environment compared to the concerts I went to. Sometimes the audience was so loud that I could barely hear the songs. It was interesting that even though the crowd was so loud, the musicians seemed very comfortable with it. They played the song as if the audience?s voice was also part of their song. When audience was loud, they would play loud and when audience became quite, they played very soft and tender. It might be to get audience?s attention. But, it seemed the m... ...nt from lower pitch sound to high pitch, video display various pitches they can make. They differed in style when they went solo. Ron Eschete mixed high and low pitch sound very irregularly and each tone seemed very yon like Monk?s style. Todd Johnson rhythm and tone was more smooth and close to each other, giving impression of cool jazz style. The other divisor is a swing feeling. This can be described as a feeling that makes you want to dance, clap your hands, of tap your feet. During the concert, as I looked around in the audience, I could se e people bobbing their heads, and tapping their feet. Due to the fast tempo, the Ron Eschete Trio?s music just made people want to dance even though it sounded smooth and mellow. Going to jazz concert gave me an opportunity to experience new atmosphere of the concert. I enjoyed the informal and casual style of concert?s atmosphere. However, I disliked how people were too loud while the musicians were performing. The Ron Eschete Trio?s music style was not quite what I have expected. Although it was totally different from the jazz I was used to listen in class, I really like it. It was very modern, but also had the elements of early Jazz.

Film Festival Start Ups :: Movies Films Film Festivals Essays

Film Festival Start ups Silicon V onlyey fairly bursts with life and energy. Everywhere you look new companies, ideas and innovations are on the guide and on the rise. Welcome to the land of start ups small companies with a dream who survive and thrive by skill, luck and sheer tenacity. While the term usually describes high tech concepts, start-ups abound in the Valley - from the small catering company on the comer to the neighborhood printing shop down the road to the local film festival. Yes, thats right - film festival. The Local SceneFilm festival usually conjures images of stretch limos, glittering starts and rabid paparazzi. Think Cannes or Sundance and you venture big budgets, big egos and big-time Hollywood take over. Even smaller, more local festivals have the same overt hotshots. Take the San Francisco International Film Festival. Champion of such outsider interests as gay rights, and American Indians long before those concepts became acceptable, SFIFF has mellowed wi th maturity. Called the gray lady of local fests by Dennis Harvey in Variety (June 30, 1997), the SFIFF continues to support international diversity, save with more of a prestigious, elitist atmosphere. The air, apparently, has become more rarified in San Francisco. The second largest film festival in the Bay Area, the Mill Valley Festival has a much more relaxed atmosphere. But, even within this atmosphere, some of the need for mainstream acceptance and money tends to bleed through.Start-ups seem to have two destinies - wonderful success or complete failure, with little middle ground. Other film festivals have ventured into the Silicon Valley before. Most of them had wonderful prospects - at the beginning. The Santa Cruz Festival, the San Jose Film Festival and the Monterey Film Festival, all showed great promise, and none made it to a third year. The Santa Cruz Festival ran from 1982 to 1985, and died of erratic handling. Part of the Santa Cruz charm is its dedication causes, its fierce independence and the feel that comes together with one word - Burkenstocks. Unfortunately, the wild, eccentric and fairly unorganized tendency that adds charm to the city killed the film festival. With wildly erratic programming that could confuse even dedicated fans and the goal of festival found Les Goldman in 1986, the Santa Cruz Festival passed into the night.In 1984 San Jose made its stab at a festival. The Cinema of the Fantastic focused on science-fiction and fantasy in the beginning.

Criminal Justice Essay -- Crime Criminal Justice Police Essays

Criminal Justice This paper will describe my understanding of the text and of the lectures provided in the class. contrasted most classes, where I understood only my view of the text, this class was geared so each student would understand each others view. 3 An organization is a collective that has some boundary and internal structure that engages in activities related to some complex set of goals. Members of organizations attempt to meet their psychological, self-importance and emotional needs within the organization. Criminal evaluator organizations are particularly unique compared to other popular or private sector organizations because of the governmental minded(p) authority. Management within these organizations can be defined as the process by which the elements of a group are integrated, coordinated and/or utilized so as to efficiently achieve the organizations objectives. In Law enforcement and correctional organizations, the front line officers manage people. This is es pecially true in the manage of inmates. In these organizations, we must consider the hierarchy to be inverted. The front line officers, not limited to sergeants and lieutenants, influence the direction of the organization. Leaders in whitlow justice establish direction by developing a vision of the future, align people through shared values and vision, and motivate and inspire people to come upon them toward the shared vision. Leaders will challenge existing processes and systems, focus on the future of the basic assumptions, values, and beliefs and create the basis for structural or programmatic change. 4 Conversely, lead in corrections is often more complex. Prison and jail overcrowding, along with the increasing number of geriatric, mentally ill and an influx of younger and more convulsive inmates requires the managers of the organization to increase the training and motivation of line officers in order to deal with problems. In law enforcement agencies, leaderships must reco gnize the need for more connection policing programs. These criminal justice organizations must look inside themselves and adapt change in order to meet their goals and objectives. The goals of organizations not only provide direction simply also serve as constraints or limits. An example in the criminal justice model would be for an agency to make more arrests to meet the public outcry, but also to insure the judicial and corr... ...ders within the organization must utilize all their skills to ensure agency goals and objectives are met, especially in the criminal justice system. The organization culture is very complex in nature within the criminal justice system. The law enforcement, judicial and correctional systems, even though essentially in the same business, are different. Each level of the justice system belongs to its own subculture. Each also, has subcultures within it. They act on singular socialization within themselves. A great example would be life within a prison institution. The warden, of course, is in charge of the institution but when off, the rank correctional officer is in charge when he/she is with the inmates. The individual group leader of the inmates (according to the pecking order) is in charge when the correctional officer is not around. The examples wedded are of formal and informal socialization. Before taking this course and thoroughly reading the text, I was only exposed to law enforcement organizations. Most of the professors were either lawyers or law professionals. It was enlightening to read the text and to hear a different perspective from a corrections professional.

Ghost Story of the Sacrament Dog Essay -- Ghost Stories Urban Legends

The Sacrament DogThe modern spectre story has become a sort of rite of passage in American culture. At the youngest age, children are scared by their older siblings renditions of a ghoulish tale. Teenagers nationwide think it is their duty to investigate their towns local unrelenting at least once before graduating high school. Once these teens transition into adulthood, they begin to scoff at the stories they once embraced, criticizing the irrational content and telling their children that they are silly for believing in such blasphemy. Finally, such disbelief is somewhat removed when people reach an elderly state, and they begin to relish in the enjoyment of passing on ghostly stories to younger generations, not necessarily with the intention to scare, but with a desire to preserve a history and tradition rummy to their personal life experience. Ghost stories are thus an integral part of the human life, not only reflecting the hopes, fears, and anxieties of various societies a nd cultures (Brunvand 2), but also making up a great portion of how humans define themselves and their lives.It is not surprising, then, that when I interviewed various members of the University of Maryland community, I was able to find many students with a ghost story (or two or three) on hand to share. One tale that I found particularly interesting and in-depth, and which will be discussed here, was told to me on 1 ironically-appropriate stormy night in a dorm room full of college students. The storyteller was a nineteen-year old, male freshman from Narstown, PA, majoring in English and Government and Politics. His pose is a nurse and his father is a telecommunications analyst. The story was about his Catholic college-preparatory high school in Penn... ...g the latter element, the anxiety of the Catholic faith to salvage its young followers intact by instilling in them a fear of wondering astray or a hope for salvation is reflected in the storys pro-Catholic sentiment, unneces sary for the general spookiness of the story, but fitting in the Catholic school setting. Thus, ghost stories are note intended to be just spooky. Works CitedBrunvand, Jan Harold. The Vanishing Hitchhiker American Urban Legends & Their Meanings. New York W.W. Norton, 1981.Maryland Ghost and Spirit Association. Ed. Beverly Litsinger. 2006. 8 April 2006 http//marylandghosts.com/.Shadowlands Haunted Places Index - Pennsylvania. Ed. Dave Juliano. 2005. 8 April 2006 http//theshadowlands.net/places/pennsylvania.htm.UMD Legends Index. Ed. David Schlossman. 2005. 7 April 2006 http//www.wam.umd.edu/dschloss/Legends/index.htm.

NIKE and Child Labor Essay examples -- Business Management

NIKE and Child Labor Nike Company started in 1984, in Portland operating theater by Tinker Hatfield, a former pole-vaulter and architect. Hatfield worked his way into the shoe industry. He got his idea from Converses in the early 1970s slogan, Limousines for the Feet. In Hatfield cogitate our culture have a lot of interest in shoes, just as much as our culture back in the 1950s were concerned in owning cars. They began introducing their Nike shoes and products to the society by images of people and things like the production of the Nike Air Jordan. This product was named after Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan is the best basketball player and biggest star at that time. In advertisement, Michael Jordan would show us a quick lay up to the goal or a fast break away from an opponent epoch wearing the Air Jordan. This high top basketball shoe gave an image of speed and quick moves to a younger group of viewers. With this in mind, Hatfield and associates learned that a product had to be able to have implied performance. Know Nike is doing well in the United States. The minute the market accepted their products they started looking for alternative to minimize their bell and to increase their profit. A lot of reason caused that to happen, one of them the labor cost over here in the U.S, is higher than it is in the other countries like (China, Indonesia, Vietnametc).An estimated two hundred million Children around the world go to work every twenty-four hour period. Their ages ranges between 5 and 17 years. According to the International Labor Organization, nearly 171 million children be engaged in unsafe work environment, of which 111 million are younger than 15. Some 8.4 million children are trapped in the worst forms of child labor, including slavery, t... ...ause of the emit labor and the benefit that heir companies gain in term of profit for example the shoes cost them in labor about $1.90 a day to produce, but on the other hand it will cost them about $6.35 an hour in the US. Therefore children are trapped going to work because governments and internationalistic agencies do not put enough priority into education and because globalization without a social dimension allows crooked employers to profit from exploiting children.In my opinion I think that the International Labor Organization, OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), and WTO (World Trade Organization) should work hand to hand to create and in force soon kind of rules to entertain these kids from this kind of iron grip. References 1.http//www.aflcio.org/issuespolitics/globaleconomy/children.cfm2.http//www.american.edu/TED/nike.htm.

NIKE and Child Labor Essay examples -- Business Management

NIKE and Child Labor Nike Company started in 1984, in Portland Oregon by Tinker Hatfield, a former pole-vaulter and architect. Hatfield worked his way into the shoe industry. He got his judgement from Converses in the early 1970s slogan, Limousines for the Feet. In Hatfield believe our culture have a lot of interest in shoes, just as much as our culture back in the 1950s were interested in owning cars. They began introducing their Nike shoes and products to the society by images of people and things like the production of the Nike duck soup Jordan. This product was named after Michael Jordan. Michael Jordan is the best basketball player and biggest star at that time. In advertisement, Michael Jordan would show us a quick lay up to the destruction or a fast break away from an opponent while wearing the Air Jordan. This high top basketball shoe gave an image of hurrying and quick moves to a younger group of viewers. With this in mind, Hatfield and associates learned that a prod uct had to be able to have implied performance. Know Nike is doing well in the linked States. The minute the market accepted their products they started looking for alternative to minimize their cost and to increase their profit. A lot of reason caused that to happen, one of them the labor cost everywhere here in the U.S, is higher than it is in the other countries like (China, Indonesia, Vietnametc).An estimated 200 million Children around the world go to work every day. Their ages ranges between 5 and 17 years. According to the International Labor Organization, nearly 171 million children are engaged in unsafe work environment, of which 111 million are younger than 15. round 8.4 million children are trapped in the worst forms of child labor, including slavery, t... ...ause of the cheep labor and the benefit that heir companies gain in term of profit for exercise the shoes cost them in labor about $1.90 a day to produce, but on the other pay it will cost them about $6.35 an time of day in the US. Therefore children are trapped going to work because governments and international agencies do not put enough priority into education and because globalization without a social dimension allows crooked employers to profit from exploiting children.In my opinion I think that the International Labor Organization, OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), and WTO (World Trade Organization) should work hand to hand to create and in force soon kind of rules to protect these kids from this kind of iron grip. References 1.http//www.aflcio.org/issuespolitics/globaleconomy/children.cfm2.http//www.american.edu/TED/nike.htm.

Family Story Essay

Jayla had a difficult childhood that kept her busy. She was an African American girl living with a working class family. She had problems with her family which level increased when her parents refused to buy her vegetarian meals. She just didnt like the taste of meat. She had a child at 16 and was forced to raise the child on her feature. It was an wrong pregnancy like 88% of teen births in the US. When she was 14, she thought she had found the love of her life in a classmate of hers named Jaylin. She thought that he would divine service he forget about the troubled family kindred with her parents which she had formerly tried by using alcohol.These risk factors increased the chance that she would get engaged in early sex. The relationship was not as great as she had thought. It showed the exchange theory when her boyfriend paid little costs in the relationship and got to a greater extent rewards which was the opposite for Jayla. This caused her to take hold dependency issues with him. One of the rewards for Jaylin was sex. Jayla had sex because of a threat to end the relationship because she grew so attached to him that she would rather take for sex than have him leave her.They only used barriers like condoms to protect her against pregnancy. She didnt have as much of a problem with having it after a while because she was told by her parents if she was sledding to have sex to use protection which is common for most parents. Their attitudes demonstrated the permissiveness with affection category of Ira Reiss four categories. In marvelous Jaya gave birth to her daughter who she named Rain because the rain was the only thing that seemed to calm her down after a long fight with her parents.This make Rain a part of the 39. % of unmarried births in the US. After Rain was born, it didnt get much easier for Jayla. Her m other had forced her to take care of the child on her own without any help from other family. She was forced to drop out of high school to t ake care of Rain. Shortly after giving birth, Jaylin left because he said it was too much work for him to be a father. This left Jayla devastated and made her one of the 9. 9 million single mothers in the US. She faced indebtedness clog trying to have enough money to pay for Rains needs as a child.She in addition had to contend with emotional overload because she didnt have enough time to focus on her own needs. She dealt with task overload because she had to do the work of two parents almost by herself. She started going to church with Rain which is where she mazed her dependency issues and it helped her refrain from sexual activity. This also made her mind more expressive which is the norm for females. Aidens childhood was also troubled. He was an only child who lived with a fairly wealthy family. His parents focused more on their work than they did on him.Also the family was moving constantly from come forth to place because of his fathers caper. Aiden never had enough time to make close friendships with people because of this frequent moving some. Both of these factors caused him to develop emotional bleakness which is fewer intimate relationships than desired. This loneliness made him focus on people and their reactions which interested him. His mind mainly focused on logic and reasoning which is the middling for males. When he went to college he started his studies in sociology to continue his interest in the interactions between people.This loneliness went away during college when he started going to church and interacted with fellow Christians. This church was where he met Jayla. When Jayla and Aiden met, they both could feel a connection between them. It helped their growing relationship that they were both androgynous which means they take on both feminine and manful traits. This is because it increased their intimacy with more love, affection, and attachment to one another. They got married two and a half years after they started dating. T his early marriage is quite obsolescent nowadays.Their gender roles in the family skewed some from traditional views. Both of them helped raised the children, worked for a living, and took care of the trailer. The fact that both of the parents worked made it unlike a large family. Jayla wanted to extend the family early because she wanted to have children while she had healthy eggs and have more energy to keep up with them. Her fertility was break away because she was a vegetarian so it increased by eating proteins from plants and not animals. El as yet months after they were married Jayla gave birth to her second child, a baby boy named Kyle.Their relationship didnt come without its share of problems. A while into their relationship they noticed people border patrolling against them. People were treating them like they were abnormal just because they were an interracial couple. Their relationship seemed even more abnormal because it was a white man with a black woman. Later on, Aiden was arrested for assault on Jaylas supervisor for sexually harassing her. Her supervisor was not charged with anything because harassment is in the eye of the beholder and co-workers saw no harm in what the supervisor was doing.They just believed that Aiden was overreacting. Even worse, he lost his job as a researcher at a local university because of that. Fortunately, Jayla had completed her GED a month in the lead this happened and was starting a full-time job to replace her part-time one. While Aiden was looking for a job, the systems theory started showing in the family. The family could not go eat out as much, everyone had to eat less expensive food, be careful how many resources they used, and buy fewer luxuries.Early in their marriage while Kyle was still very young Jayla and Aiden had intimacy problems because they forgot that they were partners before they were parents. (Pierce) They had gotten so caught up in taking care of their children that they lost sight of th eir own relationship with one another. They overcame this obstacle after a while. Despite their problems, Jayla and Aiden grew even closer together. They lived in what Levinger described as a full-shell marriage that was fulfilling and strong. They showed the symbolic interaction theory by being able to interpret each others verbal and non-verbal symbols to one another.For example, they knew when each other was in the mood by Aiden wanting to go to bed early and Jayla twisting her hair around her finger and constantly looking at Aiden with a smile. They would have the occasional argument, but it never became anything serious. Their arguments were never seen as a problem because it is a invention that a happily married couple doesnt have conflict. They indulged in what they didnt have in common as much as what they had in common. They were both surprised by how different their dreams were. Aidens dreams were more like action films while Jaylas focused more on love and family.It made for very interesting conversations in their day-to-day lives. Raising children and getting older posed some adventures of its own. Both children were raised in the normal behaviors for their sex. Rain was stipulation dolls to play with including baby dolls allowed her to pretend to be a mother. Kyle, on the other hand, was encouraged to play outside and his scrapes and bruises were not treated like a gravid deal which toughened him up. Conflict from within the family expanded with grandchildren because, as Durkheim says, it had become more heterogeneous.The family became more of a group of diverse individuals. Jayla was disappointed that Rain had a child before getting married which is a risk factor for a child born to a teen mother. Jayla was relieved that the father stayed with her and last married her. As they got even older, Aiden had to start using Viagra because his refractory period was getting to be too long that he could not have sex with Jayla as frequently as they bot h wanted. Though they both had their share of problems, they had a very long and successful marriage. Both of them lived well into their eighties, beaming and in love.

First Investments, Inc. Essay

Basic Industries is a diversified multinational corporation with major shares in various electric related markets. There is stock that has been held since the early 1980s and we have been asked to analyze and evaluate the past 10 years of information to both sell or continue holding the shares. We have similarly been asked to closely compare years 1993-1994 and not include the strike years 1989-1990.Through my analysis, I found that Basic Industries should hold on to the stocks. This can be backed up with several ratios and analysis for it, like the pursuanceEquity turnover is the highest during 1994, following the trend in growing. If this continues then the political party volition keep producing more and more revenue with the enthronements.Asset turnover is also the highest in 1994, and also if this continues (which jibe the trend it should) there will be a bigger increase in the contemplateion of the total assets being efficiently used to produce revenues. at long last t he equity multiplier is showing its highest value in year 1994. Reflecting the increase in how efficiently shareholders equity is being used to make assets.All the ratios preceding(prenominal) come from the DuPont formula, the formula that is used to find Return on Equity. So in theory ROE should be at its highest during the year of 1994. This is not the national due to the ebb in net income and profit margin. This decrease can be best explained by the increase in the stake expense ratio, create the yearly interest expense to be higher and higher. From our net income sheet, we can see that when there are more expenses, there is less net income in conclusion leading to a drop in Equity. Return on Equity will take a hit from this higher interest expense for each one year.If the community wants to increase ROE again with good graphic symbol, they must continue to hold the investments to produce more revenue and ultimately assets as well. However, they must decrease the intere st expense rate by either paying off debt or refinancing their short-term and long term debt. These two decisions will surely reflect an increase in ROE again, unless there is another strike or major economy crash.INTRODUCTIONWe have been asked to solve the assignment given to Fred Aldrich, which is analyzing the data of Basic Industries for the past ten years and making investment recommendations. Basic Industries is a global corporation that holds shares in various electrical related markets. The more or less recent annual report 1994, shows a decline in the drive away on owners equity. This has some investors worried and they want him to figure out how the return on equity has been achieved in the past ten years.Fred has been suggested to forget the years 1989-1990 since there were strikes and the data wouldnt be as comparcapable to other years. He has also been suggested to focus on the analysis for key financial ratios and directcomparison between years 1993-1994, the most r ecent years. We have to focus on the quality of the companys earning since the investors place an emphasis for it. Our end recommendation should be whether or not we hold on to the stocks because they are generating healthy equity.The first subject to do was calculate some key financial ratios for all eight years to be able to get a grasp on the trends for equity. Second, is to go more in depth analysis between years 1993-1994 to see why there is a drop in equity. After valuation, we should be able to determine whether or not the drop on equity was due to the stock investments or maybe it was due to something else. Lastly, calculating the quality of earnings will be a key factor for deciding whether or not to keep the stocks but maybe change something else within the company to raise return on equity again.ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONSBelow are all the ratios and percentages used to support the analysisFrom the calculations above, we can conclude that Return on Equity has a smooth tre nd over the eight years. Return on Equity is lower in the year 1994, which is why investors are worried. But this can be explained with some other ratios. The reason why ROE (Return on Equity) is lower in 1994 is because of the operational profit being lower as well, the year 1992 had the highest operating profit margin and then it started slowly dropping.Equity turnover has slowly being increasing throughout the years this is a good sign. It means that the company has been producing more and more revenue with the investment in this case all the shares in the various electrical related markets. Another good sign for the investment is the asset turnover ratio increasing throughout the years.This reflects that the assets are being efficiently used in the production of revenues. So far, we can conclude that the company is allocating assets in the right manners to produce the maximum revenues possible, and we know that the investment has also being increasing its turnover ratio. Lastl y, the equity multiplier is showing an increase through the years reflecting how efficientshareholders equity is being used to create assets.So, why is ROE lower in 1994 if the ratios above show otherwise? This is because the interest expense has been increasing year by year this decreases the quality of earnings since there is more interest being paid for long-term and short-term debt. hitherto though the company is paying more money, they are getting into more debt and paying high interest rates for such that ultimately reduces net income and consequently reduces ROE. After analyzing the decreasing tax rate, we can say that interest expense and its ratio has also being increasing.

13 Domestic Cabinet Departments Essay

1.) U.S. subdivision of Agriculture (USDA) responsibilities include farming, agricultural products, food stamps, and anti-poverty programs, and conservation and natural resource protection. The inspectors of this division be trustworthy for the safety of the nations food supply.2.) U.S. Department of Commerce- responsible for everything we buy and sell, they regulate everything from foreign trade to fishing to the granting of patents, they oversee programs that support minority businesses, and provides statistics and analyses for business and government planners.3.) U.S Department of Defense (DOD)- responsible for supplying military hardware, administering personnel pay and benefits, providing info to the public and military, managing military education programs and attempting to locate missing personnel or prisoners of war.4.) U.S. Department of Education- their first responsibility is making sure that the nations public school systems provide students with proper school supp lies, educational facilities and qualified teachers. Personnel promote parental involvement in their childrens education, develop financial aid policies and encourage the use of modern technology in the classroom.5.) U.S. Department of Energy- works to ensure that the nation has a steady, consistent and safe supply of energy. Energy scientists work to harness the suns power patch its physicists attempt to capture nuclear energy for civilian or military use.6.) U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) the governments primary dresser for overseeing the health and well-being of the American people. HHS employees work on more than 300 programs and perform essential services ranging from food safety to medical research to medicine abuse prevention. HHS has regional seats across the country.7.) U.S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) first priority is to protect the nation against further terrorist attacks. Component agencies will analyze threats and intelligence, conf ine the nations borders and airports, protect critical national infrastructure, and coordinate the nations response for future emergencies.8.) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) responsible for ensuring that American families have access to decent, safe and affordable housing. Among HUDs biggest programs are insuring mortgages for homes and loans for home improvement, making direct loans for construction or rehabilitation of housing projects for the gray and the handicapped, providing federal housing subsidies for low- and moderate-income families, and enforcing fair housing and equal housing access laws.9.) U.S. Department of the Interior (DOI) manages the nations natural resources, from land and water to char and natural gas. By monitoring the extraction of natural resources, Interior Department personnel work to efficiently protect and preserve the environment. The Department also houses the office responsible for overseeing Native American affairs.10.) U. S. Department of Justice (DOJ) makes sure that federal laws aimed at protecting the public and promoting competitive business practices are implemented, including immigration and naturalisation statutes, consumer safeguards and criminal prosecutions. The FBI falls under the Justice Departments authority.11.) U.S. Department of Labor (DOL) administers and enforces laws and regulations that ensure safe working conditions, minimum hourly pay and overtime. by dint of its varied initiatives, it also works to meet the special employment-related needs of the disabled, the elderly and minorities, and provides job banks, unemployment benefits and workplace health regulations.12.) U.S. Department of State- responsible for the conduct of the nations foreign affairs and diplomatic initiatives. State Department personnel coordinate conferences with foreign leaders, hammer out treaties and other agreements with foreign governments and protect the safety of US citizens traveling abroad.13.) U. S. Department of the Treasury- Printing the nations money is only one of many responsibilities overseen by the nations second oldest cabinet department (only the State Department has been around longer). It also sets domestic financial, economic and tax policy, manages the public debt and collects taxes. Less obvious is Treasurys other major enjoymentlaw enforcement the Secret Service and the Customs Service are Treasury agencies.14.) U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT) Cars, trucks, buses, trains, boats, and airplanes all fall under the Department of Transportations authority. So does the nations transportation infrastructure. The work of Transportation Department employees makes it possible for Americans to travel home for the holidays, away on vacation, and even to and from work. The Transportation Department is also home to the new Transportation Security Administration, which is responsible for protecting the countrys transportation systems and ensuring the safety of its passengers.15.) U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) Best cognize for its healthcare system, the VA also provides social support services, administers pensions and other veterans benefits, and promotes the hiring of veterans.

Relationship Between Teacher And Students

Similarly harmonizing to Moloi et Al. ( as cited in Mtika & A Gates, 2010 ) , group work is one(a) of the schemes that tail be utile in student-centered attacks. It does non just avail bookmans to discourse and portion thoughts with each other, but it as well as succors to better pupils apprehension of some constructs and develop their communicating accomplishments. In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor has to believe of pupils demands and the schoolroom is considered as a topographical header where pupils work together, in groups and as persons by promoting them to take portion in the encyclopaedism mapping all the clip ( Jones, 2007 ) . In the student-centered schoolroom, the instructor should cognize about their pupils background. Teachers should moot what they may cognize or make non cognize about their pupils because it helps to make the schoolroom conditions that be antiphonal to the instructing demands of the pupils ( Hodson, 2002 ) . Furthermore , in societal constructivist classrooms the relationship between instructor and pupils are much more dynamically involved, so that the instructor s function is much more demanding to let and actively promote acknowledgment, rating, and Reconstruction ( Gunstone and Northfield every bit cited in Hand et al. , 1997 ) .A A A A A The size for effectual student-centered schoolrooms can be organized into big group ( category with 25-30 pupils ) , average size ( 5-8 pupils ) , little group ( 3-5 pupils ) , pair group ( 2 pupils ) and a instructor and a pupil ( merely in particular status ) ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Furthermore, schoolroom agreements, particularly classroom infinite and resources like chairs and tabular arraies for big group activities are besides of import because appropriate resources helps to back up the effectivity and efficiency of direction to the pupils.2. 4 Definition of the Student-Centered Approaches to disciplineA A A A A A The footings student-centered attacks A and postulateer-centered attacks A to larning are the same and whilst some articles used the term student-centered attacks and other articles used the term learner-centered attacks, the two footings were used inter transportably. Both footings focus on the demands of pupils who as scholars are actively involved in the acquisition procedure ( Utecht, 2003 ) . The term student-centered attacks is used in this survey because this term is officially applied in Kampuchean course of study and ministry educational literature. Furthermore, the student-centered attacks are broader for illustration, a pupil can be defined as scholar, but a scholar may non be defined as pupil. For illustration, a adult male wants to cognize about the educational jurisprudence in Cambodia, so the adult male can locomotion to library or seek in the MoEYS web site to read and larn about the jurisprudence. The adult male on that pointfore is non a pupil, but he is a scholar.A A A A A A The student-centered att acks to larning are defined as learning ruleological analysiss associated with an attack to larning where pupils are the promontory characters in the acquisition procedure, and actively larn in a socially synergistic manner ( Brush & A Saye, 2000 ) . The student-centered attacks are designed to help pupils to larn best from meaningful life experiences, societal interactions, and scientific experimentation ( Pedersen & A Liu, 2003 ) .A A A A A A The student-centered attacks to larning focal point on single pupil s demands and growing, because these attacks are intended to develop the potency of every single pupil and promote their personal growing and involvements ( Morris, 1996 ) . The student-centered attacks are besides considered effectual options to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. Similarly harmonizing to Courtney ( 2008 ) , it looks really different from the traditional didactic learning methods that are widely applied in Cambodia. These traditional instruction m ethods depend on the direct direction of the instructor and verbal and written repeat with small artistic style on understanding but strong accent on memory and callback. Kember ( as cited in ONeill & A McMahon, 2005 ) and Hirumi ( 2002 ) stated the student-centered attacks are in contrast to the traditional teacher-centered attacks. In the teacher-centered attacks, instructors are at the centre of the acquisition and learning procedure and turn in direction to pupils the pupils are the empty vass into which the instructor pours their scholarship. This position contrasts aggressively to that of constructivist speculation where we see that pupils are cardinal to the acquisition procedure, they are non viewed as empty vass but instead actively take part in doing cognition by believing and work outing jobs for themselves, and developing their self-esteem that is indispensable for larning and decision-making throughout life ( American Psychological Association, 1993 Hirumi, 2002 MoEYS, 2005 ) .A A A A A A The nucleus rule of the student-centered acquisition attacks is that pupils cook different abilities, demands, and involvements for how they learn, and they construct cognition and significance and learn in different ways ( Brady, 2006 Murdoch & A Wilson, 2008 Hirumi, 2002 ) . The American Psychological Association ( 1993 ) stated that pupils have sundry(a) capablenesss and involvements for acquisition. Persons are born with and develop alone capablenesss and endowments and have acquired through acquisition and societal socialization different penchants for how they like to larn and the gait at which they learn ( American Psychological Association, 1993, p. 9 ) . Harmonizing to Meyer & A Jones ( as cited in Hirumi, 2002 ) , in the category pupils talk, listen, write, read, and reflect on content, thoughts, issues, and concerns in order to build their ain significance. In student-centered milieus, scholars are given direct entree to the knowledge -base and work separately and in little groups to work out reliable jobs ( Hirumi, 2002, p. 506 ) . Similarly, harmonizing to Jones ( 2007 ) , a student-centered category is a topographic point where pupils demands are considered, as a group and as persons, and pupils are encouraged to take part in the acquisition procedure all the clip. At different time, pupils may work entirely, in braces, or in groups.A A A A A A As a scheme of epistemology, constructivism proposes that pupils bring their existing experiences and beliefs, every bit good as universe positions and their cultural histories, into the acquisition procedure when they internally build cognition by interacting with the environment ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism is considered as a procedure that pupils actively construct their cognition upon cognition that they already have ( Motschnig-Pitrik & A Holzinger, 2002 ) . Social constructivist, Vygotsky believed that acquisition is a societal procedure in which scholar s developed understanding through interaction with the environment around them ( Brush & A Saye, 2000, p. 5 ) . Harmonizing to Jonassen Duffy & A Jonassen ( as cited in Brush & A Saye, 2000 ) , the demand for more student-centered acquisition activities have been promoted by the protagonists of the constructivist epistemology of acquisition.A A A A A A In short, the cardinal features of the student-centered attacks to larning stress studentsA previous cognition and experience, developing Bloom Taxonomy believing accomplishments, particularly critical thought and job resolution, researching single acquisition demands and involvements, advancing active pupil engagement, and developing causative for life-long acquisition ( American Psychological Association, 1993 Brush & A Saye, 2000 Hirumi, 2002 Mtika & A Gates, 2010 ) . However, there is no individual scheme that helps pupils to hold effectual larning all the clip and there is no learning scheme that is better than others in every circumstance. Each learning scheme has its strength and failing, so instructors need to do determinations and chose instruction schemes that help their pupils to accomplish the acquisition results ( Killen, 2003 ) . Similarly harmonizing to Hab & A Em ( 2003 ) , to take and efficaciously use a instruction scheme the instructor has to judge many times because choosing an appropriate instruction scheme is based on the determination whether we provide knowledge to pupils through direct direction ( teacher-centered attacks ) or indirect facilitation ( student-centered attacks ) .2. 5 Student-Centered culture as Adopted by the Kampuchean Ministry of EducationA A A A A A 2.5.1 Vision of acquisition and instructionA A A A A A Learning has many manners such as acquisition by seeing, listening, composing, reading, watching telecasting, self-experiment, pattern, believing, playing games, analyze circuits and so on. These manners of larning supply cognition to the scholars. However different larning can hold different consequence. Learners may bring forth different larning results with a different acquisition manner to other pupil ( MoEYS, 2002b ) . For illustration, those who learn by listening lead bury all or retrieve a small after several yearss. Those who merely stand and see people swimming can non swim, but if they learn to swim themselves, they can swim efficaciously. Peoples hence can make something when they involve themselves. Harmonizing to Confucianism, it is believed that If you tell me, I will bury. If you show me, I may retrieve. But if you involve me, I can make and understand ( MoEYS, 2008 ) .A A A A A A The Kampuchean authorities s vision of the intents for acquisition and instruction functions has bit by bit changed between societies and from one a period of clip to another ( MoEYS, 2002a ) . Previous learning methods considered effectual and appropriate was when instructors were considered to be the cognition suppliers. Teachers provi ded cognition and told pupils, and pupils listened to instructors and followed instructors without developing their ain thoughts or understanding. In this context instructors had the power because they had the cognition that pupils call for to be able to come on through the instruction system. This vision was later officially abandoned because the acquisition results were considered unsuitable to both the demands of the state for accomplished minds and they compared ill to the wider international educational context.A A A A A A In the undermentioned period, another new learning method was integrated called question and reply method. The instructor raised inquiries and the pupils answered. This method was adopted in the belief that it would convey better consequences for pupils. The inquiry and reply method was afterwards changed and reformed to what was known as the active method because this method required much relationship between instructor and pupils. For the last vision, i t was believed that creative activity merely relationship between instructor and pupils was non plenty. To hold better consequence for pupils, relationship between pupils and pupils must be created in the instruction and acquisition procedure. Teachers have to holdfast pupils to work in groups, so pupils can interchange their thoughts, work hand in glove, and assist each other in larning. This last vision is a really of import portion of student-centered attacks ( Hab & A Em, 2003 Inspector, 2002 Ung, 2008 ) . These attacks to larning and learning shifted the power repositing of the instructor from one who held all the cognition to a more equal one where instructors spouse with, sometimes lead, their pupils into new understanding and cognition.A A A A A A 2.5.2 Principle and theoryA A A A A A Theories that are applied and relevant to learning and larning in the current Kampuchean school system areLearning is making new cognitionLearning is interchanging experience ( Inspector, 2 002 )A A A A A A The theories of larning above are besides clearly identifiable as constructs of constructivism. Although constructivism is non a theory of acquisition, the rules have been applied by many pedagogues in instruction and acquisition, particularly, but non merely, in scientific discipline instruction ( Han et al. , 1997 Yilmaz, 2008 ) . Constructivism emphasizes that cognition and significance are constructed by the human head in consequence scholars create links between their bing cognition and new experience and do new cognition constructions and significance ( Yilmaz, 2008 ) .A A A A A A The function of instructors and pupils are changed by the acceptance of the student-centered attacks to larning. Students are given greater duty for their acquisition and the instructors functions change where they become more coordinators or facilitators of the acquisition experiences. Students are encouraged to research the cognition by themselves and with other scholars and the instructors help the acquisition procedure by demoing pupils waies of cognition. In this new function in the schoolroom, the instructors become portion of the acquisition procedure and acts as a usher and a resource for the pupils ( Utecht, 2003 ) . Furthermore, the importance of school is to supply multiple chances to pupils to make cognition and understanding by themselves through research, existent experience and work outing jobs.

Oil Spill Paper

Humans cause oil pollution. We put the boats and ships in the water, we build oil rigs and class period into the bottom of the naval, and we dump the wrong chemicals into the ocean. Boats and ships have oil leaks just like our cars do. When were in the ocean, we thronet exactly clean it up with well-nigh limestone. If an oil pipe breaks, we cant stop push a simplyton and it stops flowing. The oil is coming from underneath the ocean so it takes us longer to stop it from flowing into the ocean. Some people dont know, or dont understand, that dumping the wrong chemicals can ruin our ocean and eventually, our land.Oil pollution hurts the marine environment. It is a poison to the wildlife. The oil can smother the animal, it can get in their digestive system and kill them, or it can even mess with their reproductive system and behavior. If oil were to get on the body or wings of a bird, it could make them drown because the oil is in addition heavy for them to fly. There are a few dif ferent ways to clean up an oil spill. Controlled burns can burn off the oil, but its not always a good option because the smoke harms our air. Booms and skimmer take oil off of the surface, but not below the surface.Water-oil separating devices back up separate the oil from the water, but it can be pricey. Hay soaks up the oil, and leaves clean water behind. Natural recovery is the best way to clean up an oil spill. It may take a little bit longer to be fully cleaned, but it is the best way. Wave action, sunlight, earthy water dispersion, and natural occurring microorganisms are the main ways oil spills can be cleaned up by natural means. Oil eating mushrooms is another way to decontaminated areas. This is known as mycoremediation, which is a term invented by Paul Stamets.Mushrooms secrete enzymes and acids that aid in the decomposition of difficult organism containments. Dr. Stamets treated soil with oyster mushrooms and then conducted an essay that broke down almost all of the nontoxic components after four weeks. I think it would affect sandy shores more because the oil and contaminants can shake off into the sand and soil. It can also affect the rocky shores, but not as much.http//www. waterencycolpedia. com/Oc-Po/Oil-Spills-Impact-on-the-Ocean. html http//www. cnbc. com/id/37593652/17_Ways_To_Clean_Up_The_Gulf_Oil_Spill? slide=9

Netflix Project

NETFLIX INC FORM brood) 10-K ( one-year Filed 02/01/13 for the Period Ending 12/31/12 quotation 100 WINCHESTER CIRCLE . LOS GATOS, CA 95032 408-540-3700 0001065280 NFLX 7841 Video Tape Rental Broadcasting & C suitable TV Services 12/31 Telephone CIK Symbol correct Code Industry Sector Fiscal Year http//www. edgar-online. com Copyright 2013, EDGAR Online, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Distribution and persona of this document restricted under EDGAR Online, Inc. Terms of Use. defer of confine UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION Washington, D. C. 20549 FORM 10-K (Mark One)ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the fiscal year ended declination 31, 2012 OR TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 For the transition period from to Commission File Number 000-49802 Netflix, Inc. (Exact found of Registrant as specified in its charter) Delaw atomic number 18 (State or former(a) jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) 77-0467272 (I. R. S. Employer Identification Number) 100 Winchester Circle Los Gatos, California 95032 (Address and zip code of asterisk executive offices) (408) 540-3700 Registrants telephone number, including atomic number 18a code) Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act Title of each class Name of Ex metamorphose on which registered Common stock, $0. 001 hit value Preferred Shargon Purchase Rights The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC The NASDAQ Stock Market LLC Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act None (Title of Class) Indicate by point mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes Indicate by check mark if the registrant is non required to bear down reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.Yes No No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of t he Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for a lot(prenominal)(prenominal) shorter period that the registrant was required to file such(prenominal) reports), and (2) has been subject to such register requirements for the past 90 days. Yes No Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web set, if both(prenominal), every Interactive information File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (229. 05 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files. Yes No Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent file clerks pursuant to stop 405 of Regulation S-K is non contained herein, and impart not be contained, to the stovepipe of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this attain 10-K or any ame ndment to this Form 10-K.Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting telephoner. See comment of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. Large accelerated filer Accelerated filer Non-accelerated filer (do not check if smaller reporting company) Smaller reporting company Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act) Yes NoAs of June 30, 2012, the aggregate grocery value of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant, found upon the closing sales price for the registrants greens stock, as reported in the NASDAQ Global Select Market System, was $3,278,134,336. Shares of common stock beneficially owned by each executive officer and conductor of the Registrant and by each person known by the Registrant to beneficially own 10% or more(prenominal) of the outstanding common stock squander been excluded in that such persons whitethorn be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for any other(a) purpose.As of January 31, 2013, in that location were 55,993,477 shares of the registrants common stock, par value $0. 001, outstanding. DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE Parts of the registrants Proxy Statement for Registrants 2013 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K. circumvent of table of contents NETFLIX, INC. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page dismantle I Item 1. Item 1A. Item 1B. Item 2. Item 3. Item 4. PART II Item 5. Item 6. Item 7. Item 7A. Item 8. Item 9. Item 9A. Item 9B. PART III Item 10. Item 11. Item 12. Item 13. Item 14. PART IV Item 15.Exhibits, fiscal Statement Schedules 39 directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance Executive Compensation Security Ownership of Certain Benefi cial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence Principal Accounting Fees and Services 38 38 38 38 38 Market for Registrants Common virtue, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities Selected fiscal Data Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures close to Market Risk Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure Controls and Procedures Other Information 17 19 20 34 35 35 35 37 Business Risk Factors Unresolved Staff Comments Properties Legal Proceedings Mine Safety Disclosure s 1 5 15 16 16 16 Table of Contents PART I Forward-Looking Statements This Annual Report on Form 10-K contains forward-looking statements within the centre of the federal securities laws.These forwardlooking statements include, but are not restrictioned to, statements regarding our core strategy the emergence of meshwork speech of message the emergence in our drift subscriptions and the fall in our mental picturedisk subscriptions the market opportunity for stream limited office margins contribution profits (losses) liquidity dispatch cash f ruggeds revenues net income reasoned be operating cash flows blows relating to our pricing strategy our content library and marketing investings, including investments in original programming signifi providece of early contractual obligations realization of future deferred tax assets seasonality method of content carryy and international expansion. These forwardlooking statements can be identified by our use of words such as expects, get out, shout, whitethorn, could, would, should, intend, progress, and derivatives thereof.These forward-looking statements are subject to risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to disagree. A detailed discussion of these and other risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results and events to differ materially from such forward-looking statements is included throughout this filing and particularly in Item 1A Risk Factors section set forth in this Annual Report on Form 10-K. All forward-looking statements included in this document are ground on information forthcoming to us on the date hereof, and we assume no obligation to revise or publicly release any revision to any such forward-looking statement, except as may otherwise be required by law. Item 1. About us Netflix, Inc. Netflix, the Company, we, or us) is the worlds leading internet boob tube network with more than 33 million members in over 40 countries enjoying more than one billion hours of TV shows and movies per month, including original series. For one low monthly price, our members can watch as much as they want, anytime, anywhere, on nearly any profit-connected screen. Additionally, in the unite d States (U. S. ), our endorsers can receive standard definition DVDs, and their high definition successor, Blu-ray discs (collectively referred to as DVD), delivered quickly to their homes. Our core strategy is to conjure our drift subscription condescension house servantally and internationally.We are continuously improving the client scram widening our stream content, with a taper on programming an overall mix of content that delights our clients, including exclusive and original content, enhancing our user interface and extending our streaming swear out to even more Internet-connected devices patch staying within the parameters of our consolidated net income (loss) and operating separate contribution profit (loss) targets. Contribution profit (loss) is defined as revenues less(prenominal) make up of revenues and marketing expenses. We are a pioneer in the Internet delivery of TV shows and movies, launching our streaming returns in 2007. Since this launch, we have authentic an ecosystem for Internet-connected devices and have accredited increasing amounts of content that enable consumers to enjoy TV shows and movies directly on their TVs, computers and mobile devices.As a result of these efforts, we have learn join on consumer acceptance of and interest in the delivery of TV shows and movies directly over the Internet. In September 2010, we began international trading trading operations by offering our streaming serve in Canada. In the past two years, we have continued our international expansion and now in enlargeition offer our streaming religious emolument in Latin America, the United Kingdom (U. K. ), Ireland, and the Nordic countries of Finland, Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. Prior to July 2011, in the U. S. , our streaming and DVD-by-mail operations were combined and indorsers could receive twain streaming content and DVDs under a sensation hybrid plan.In July 2011, we separated the combined plans, making it necessary for subscribers who wish to receive both DVDs-by-mail and streaming content to have two separate subscription plans. Business Segments solution with the fourth quarter of 2011, the Company has three operating segments Domestic streaming, International streaming and Domestic DVD. The Domestic and International streaming segments derive revenues from monthly subscription do of process consisting solely of streaming content. The Domestic DVD segment derives revenues from monthly subscription attend tos consisting solely of DVD-by-mail. For additional information regarding our segments, see Note 10 of Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data . Domestic Streaming 1 Business Table of ContentsThe Domestic streaming segment abides our more than 27 million members with admission fee to a broad range of exclusive, non-exclusive and original content delivered over the Internet to a host of connected devices including PCs and Macs, game consoles such as PlayStations, smart TVs, Blu-ray players, home family systems, Internet flick players such as Apple TV and Roku, digital word picture recorders, and mobile devices. We have a leading market home in domestic streaming, having grown by more than 5 million subscriptions in 2012 an increase of 25% from 2011. International Streaming The large numbers of fee television and broadband households outside the U. S. provide our International streaming segment with a large long-term festering opportunity through significantly expanding our base of electric potential subscribers. From our initial international market launch in Canada in September 2010, our international streaming value has grown to be available in more than 40 countries outside of the U. S. as of December 31, 2012.We hope that international markets allow be a significant source of growth and cash flow in the long term, and as a result we are strategically investing internationally today. Our focus in international markets is to provide a com pelling value offering to subscribers, which allows us to gain market share in the near term. We follow long-term international success as consumer adoption and contribution margins at the levels of our domestic market. Domestic DVD Our Domestic DVD railway line enterprise launched in 1999 with DVD-by-mail subscription plans. As applied science has changed and consumer preference has shifted, we have seen subscribers move away from DVD lease and toward streaming their motion picture content. Competition The market for merriment television receiver is intensely rivalrous and subject to rapid change. some(prenominal) consumers corroborate simultaneous handicrafthips with multiple enjoyment tv set providers and can easily shift spending from one provider to another. Our principal competitors vary by geographic region and include Multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) with free TV every(prenominal)where applications such as HBO GO or Showtime Anytime in the U. S. and SkyGo or BBC iPlayer in the U. K. , and other on demand content from argumentation providers, such as Time Warner and Comcast direct broadcast satellite providers, such as DIRECTV and Echostar and telecommunication providers such as AT&T and Verizon everyplace-the-top Internet movie and TV content providers, such as, Amazon. coms Prime Video, Hulu. om and Hulu Plus, LOVEFiLM, Clarovideo, Viaplay, and Googles YouTube Transactional content providers, such as Apples iTunes, Amazons Instant Video, GooglePlay, and Vudu DVD rental outlets and kiosk services, such as megahit and Redbox Entertainment video retailers, such as Best Buy, Wal-Mart and Amazon. com Competitive Strengths Netflix differentiates itself from the competition and has been able to grow its business through the following demonstrated unique competitive strengths Leading Scale Advantage Builds Compelling Content Leveraging our substantial scale and significant content budget, Netflix has built a broad an d deep content library.Our licensing teams are expert programmers informed by more than a decade of rich data on viewer preferences and viewing habits which uniquely enables them to license a compelling mix of TV and movie content to efficiently provide Netflix members with compelling content. To further differentiate our content offering from our competitors, we have increasingly licensed exclusive and original content. Outstanding Member Experience Attracts and Retains Subscribers We provide our members with innovative and tack togetherive user interfaces that enhance their Netflix experience and help increase imbibement. Netflix leverages its large planetary scale and billions of hours of subscriber viewing data and algorithms in order to tailor the Netflix recommendations and merchandising to each individual user.We believe that, our user experience, driven by our focus on innovation and technology, help drive subscriber viewing, engagement, retention, and overall customer s atisfaction. Relative to the competition, we believe we are further along the experience curve when it comes to improving our user interface and delivering great quality streaming. Brand Clarity and Focus Increases Pace of Innovation for Members We are focused on making subscription streaming video great. Nearly all of our notable competitors in the space today have many other product lines and services that require eradicatement attention and resources. We believe that our focus on streaming video get out help us innovate faster and 2 Table of Contents satisfy our consumers burst than our competition.We similarly believe that our focus go out provide a level of clarity to our disgrace that will help consumers more easily discover, understand and appreciate our service offering. Growth Drivers Our core strategy is to grow our streaming subscription business domestically and internationally, and is built upon the following drivers Investment in Streaming Content We believe th at our investments in streaming content lead to more subscriber viewing, delight, and positive consumer word-of-mouth. This, in turn, leads to subscriber acquisition and revenue growth, which allows us to invest in more streaming content, which enables the growth cycle to continue. With more than 33 million global ubscribers and our increasingly exclusive and original programming that differentiates us from competitors, we believe we are well positioned to capitalize upon this virtuous cycle. Continuous Service Improvements Weve found that incremental improvements in our service and quality enhance our member satisfaction and retention. We continue to refine our technology, user interfaces, and delivery infrastructure to improve the customer experience. For example, using our adaptive streaming technology we automatically and constantly optimize the streaming bit-rate to each users Internet speed. This minimizes loading and buffering times, delivering the best click-and-watch expe rience.We have added programs in Super HD and with Dolby Digital Plus 5. 1 surround sound for a high quality, immersive enjoyment experience. We believe that improvements such as these will help us build a great streaming service Overall Adoption and Growth of Internet TV Domestically, cable and satellite pay TV subscriber numbers have stagnated, while DVR penetration has continued to climb. We see this as indicative of consumers desiring more control and freedom in their cappower to watch what they want, when they want, where they want, and how they want. We are leading this wave of consumer change and growth of Internet TV by providing broad, click-and-watch video entertainment video.Future of the Consumer Electronic Ecosystem Internet on Every Screen We intend to broaden our already expansive partner relationships over time so that even more devices are capable of streaming content from Netflix. By making Netflix approach shotible on a broad array of devices, we believe that we enhance the value of our service to subscribers as well as position ourselves for continued growth as Internet and mobile delivery of content becomes more popular. We are pioneering the use of tablets and smartphones as second-screen choosing devices for TV viewing, and are actively intermeshed with all of our device partners in evaluating how Netflix can enhance and improve the user experience in conjunction with their product innovations.International Market Expansion The international streaming segment represents a significant long-term growth opportunity as people around the world discover the benefits of Netflix. We plan to continue our international investment strategy of upfront investment in content and marketing to build out scale required for profit aptitude. We believe that scale advantages increase barriers to entry for our competitors. Today, 18% of all of Netflixs global streaming subscribers are outside of the US. Operations We obtain content from heterogeneous content providers through streaming content license agreements, DVD direct purchases and DVD revenue sharing agreements.We market our service through discordant channels, including online advertising, broad-based media, such as television and radio, as well as various strategic partnerships. In connection with marketing the service, we offer free-trial memberships to in the altogether members. Rejoining members are an important source of subscriber additions. We expend the services of ordinal-party demoralize computing providers, more specifically, Amazon Web Services, and utilize both our own content delivery network ( informal Connect) and third-party content delivery networks, such as take aim 3 Communications, to help us efficiently stream content in high volume to our subscribers over the Internet. We also ship and receive DVDs in the U. S. from a nationwide network of shipping centers.Seasonality Our subscriber growth exhibits a seasonal pattern that reflects variations when consumers buy Internet-connected devices and when they tend to increase video watching. Our domestic subscriber growth is generally greatest in our fourth and premier(prenominal) quarters (October through March), slowing in our second quarter (April through June) and then accelerating in our third quarter (July through September). We expect each market in our international segment to demonstrate more telephoneable seasonal patterns as our service offering in each market becomes more established and we have a longer history to assess such patterns. Additionally, the variable expenses associated with shipments of DVDs are highest in the first quarter due to the seasonal nature of DVD practice. 3 Table of ContentsIntellectual Property We regard our trademarks, service marks, copyrights, patents, domain names, trade dress, trade secrets, proprietary technologies and resembling intellectual property as important to our success. We use a combination of patent, trademark, copyrig ht and trade secret laws and confidential agreements to protect our proprietary intellectual property. Our ability to protect and enforce our intellectual property rights is subject to certain risks and from time to time we encounter disputes over rights and obligations concerning intellectual property. We cannot provide assurance that we will live in any intellectual property disputes.Employees As of December 31, 2012, we had 2,045 full-time employees. We also utilize part-time and temporary employees, primarily in our DVD fulfillment operations, to respond to the fluctuating demand for DVD shipments. Our use of temporary employees has decreased significantly due to decreased DVD shipments in 2012, as well as increased automation of our shipment centers. As of December 31, 2012, we had 384 parttime and temporary employees. Our employees are not covered by a collective bargaining agreement, and we consider our relations with our employees to be good. Other information We were inco rporated in Delaware in August 1997 and completed our initial public offering in May 2002.Our principal executive offices are located at 100 Winchester Circle, Los Gatos, California 95032, and our telephone number is (408) 540-3700. We nourish a Web site at www. netflix. com . The contents of our Web site are not incorporated in, or otherwise to be regarded as part of, this Annual Report on Form 10-K. In this Annual Report on Form 10-K, Netflix, the Company, we, us, our and the registrant refer to Netflix, Inc. Our investor relations Web site is located at http//ir. netflix. com. We use our investor relations Web site as a core of disclosing material non-public information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD.Accordingly, investors should monitor this portion of the Netflix Web site, in addition to following press releases, SEC filings and public conference calls and webcasts. We also make available, free of charge, on our investor relations Web s ite under SEC Filings, our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to these reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing or furnishing those reports to the Securities and Exchange Commission. 4 Table of Contents Item 1A. Risk Factors If any of the following risks actually occurs, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be harmed.In that case, the trading price of our common stock could decline, and you could fall back all or part of your investment. Risks Related to Our Business If our efforts to attract and hold off subscribers are not successful, our business will be adversely modify. We have experienced significant subscriber growth over the past several years. Our ability to continue to attract subscribers will depend in part on our ability to consistently provide our subscribers with a valuable and quality experience for selecting and viewing TV shows and movies. Furthermore, the relation service levels, content offerings, pricing and related features of competitors to our service may adversely impact our ability to attract and extend subscribers.Competitors include multichannel video programming distributors (MVPDs) with free TV Everywhere and other on demand content, Internet movie and TV content providers, including both those that provide legal and illegal (or pirated) entertainment video content, DVD rental outlets and kiosk services and entertainment video retail stores. If consumers do not perceive our service offering to be of value, or if we introduce brand-new or adjust existing features or change the mix of content in a manner that is not favorably received by them, we may not be able to attract and retain subscribers. In addition, many of our subscribers are rejoining our service or originate from word-of-mouth advertising from existing subscribers.If our efforts to satisfy our existing subscribers are not successful, we may not be able to attract subscribers, and as a result, our ability to maintain and/or grow our business will be adversely minted. Subscribers cancel their subscription to our service for many reasons, including a perception that they do not use the service sufficiently, the need to cut household expenses, availability of content is unsatisfactory, competitive services provide a better value or experience and customer service issues are not satisfactorily resolved. We mustiness continually add new subscribers both to replace subscribers who cancel and to grow our business beyond our current subscriber base.If too many of our subscribers cancel our service, or if we are unable to attract new subscribers in numbers sufficient to grow our business, our operating results will be adversely affected. If we are unable to successfully grapple with current and new competitors in both retaining our existing subscribers and attracting new subscribers, our business will be adversely affected. F urther, if excessive numbers of subscribers cancel our service, we may be required to incur significantly higher marketing expenditures than we currently anticipate to replace these subscribers with new subscribers. If we are unable to compete effectively, our business will be adversely affected. The market for entertainment video is intensely competitive and subject to rapid change.New technologies and evolving business models for delivery of entertainment video continue to develop at a fast pace. The growth of Internet-connected devices, including TVs, computers and mobile devices has increased the consumer acceptance of Internet delivery of entertainment video. Through these new and existing dispersal channels, consumers are afforded various means for consuming entertainment video. The various economic models underlying these differing means of entertainment video delivery include subscription, transactional, ad-supported and piracy-based models. All of these have the potentia l to capture meaningful segments of the entertainment video market.Several competitors have longer operating histories, larger customer bases, greater brand recognition and significantly greater financial, marketing and other resources than we do. They may secure better impairment from suppliers, adopt more aggressive pricing and devote more resources to technology, fulfillment, and marketing. New entrants may enter the market with unique service offerings or approaches to providing entertainment video and other companies also may enter into business combinations or alliances that strengthen their competitive positions. If we are unable to successfully or profitably compete with current and new competitors, programs and technologies, our business will be adversely affected, and we may not be able to increase or maintain market share, revenues or profitability.The increasingly long-term and fixed cost nature of our content acquisition licenses may limit our operating flexibility and could adversely affect our liquidity and results of operation. In connection with obtaining streaming content, we typically enter into multi-year licenses with studios and other content providers, the payment ground of which are not tied to subscriber usage or the size of it of our subscriber base (fixed cost) but which may be tied to such factors as titles licensed and/or theatrical exhibition receipt. such(prenominal) contractual commitments are included in the Contractual Obligations section of Item 7 Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations .Given the multiple-year duration and by and large fixed cost nature of content licenses, if subscriber acquisition and retention do not meet our expectations, our margins may be adversely impacted. Payment terms for streaming licenses, especially programming that initially airs in the applicable territory on our service (original programming) or that is considered output content, will typically require more up-front cash payments than other licensing agreements. To the extent subscriber and/or revenue growth do not meet our expectations, our liquidity and results of operations could be adversely affected as a result of content licensing commitments and accelerated payment requirements of certain licenses.In addition, the long-term and fixed cost nature of our streaming licenses may limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to changes in our 5 Table of Contents business and the market segments in which we employ. As we expand internationally, we must license content in advance of entering into a new geographical market. If we license content that is not favorably received by consumers in the applicable territory, acquisition and retention may be adversely impacted and given the long-term and fixed cost nature of our commitments, we may not be able to adjust our content offering quickly and our results of operation may be adversely impacted.Changes in consumer view ing habits, including more widespread usage of TV Everywhere or other similar on demand methods of entertainment video consumption could adversely affect our business. The manner in which consumers view entertainment video is changing rapidly. Digital cable, wireless and Internet content providers are continuing to improve technologies, content offerings, user interface, and business models that allow consumers to entrance money on demand entertainment with interactive capabilities including start, stop and rewind. The devices through which entertainment video can be consumed are also changing rapidly. Today, content from MVPDs may be viewed on laptops and content from Internet content providers may be viewed on TVs. Although we provide our own Internet-based delivery of content allowing our subscribers to stream ertain TV shows and movies to their Internet-connected televisions and other devices, if other providers of entertainment video address the changes in consumer viewing hab its in a manner that is better able to meet content distributor and consumer necessarily and expectations, our business could be adversely affected. If we are not able to manage change and growth, our business could be adversely affected. We are currently engaged in an effort to expand our operations internationally, scale our streaming service to effectively and reliably handle anticipated growth in both subscribers and features related to our service, as well as continue to operate our DVD service within the U. S. As we expand internationally, we are managing our business to address varied content offerings, consumer customs duty and practices, in particular those dealing with e-commerce and Internet video, as well as differing legal and regulatory environments.As we scale our streaming service, we are developing technology and utilizing comparatively new third-party Internet-based or cloud computing services. We have also chosen to separate the technology that ope place our DVD -by-mail service from that which runs our streaming operations. If we are not able to manage the growing complexity of our business, including maintaining our DVD operations, and improving, refining or revising our systems and operational practices related to our streaming operations, our business may be adversely affected. If the market segment for online subscription-based entertainment video saturates, our business will be adversely affected.The market segment for online subscription-based entertainment video has grown significantly. Much of the increasing growth can be attributed to the ability of our subscribers to stream TV shows and movies on their TVs, computers and mobile devices. As we face more competition in our market segment, our rate of growth relative to overall growth in the segment may decline. Further, a decline in our rate of growth could indicate that the market segment for online subscription-based entertainment video is beginning to saturate. While we believe that this segment will continue to grow for the foreseeable future, if this market segment were to saturate, our business would be adversely affected.If our efforts to build unfluctuating brand identity and improve subscriber satisfaction and loyalty are not successful, we may not be able to attract or retain subscribers, and our operating results may be adversely affected. We must continue to build and maintain strong brand identity. We believe that strong brand identity will be important in attracting and retaining subscribers who may have a number of choices from which to obtain entertainment video. To build a strong brand we believe we must continue to offer content and service features that our subscribers value and enjoy. We also believe that these must be coupled with effective consumer communications, such as marketing, customer service and public relations. If our efforts to promote and maintain our brand are not successful, our ability to attract and retain subscribers ma y be adversely affected.Such a result, coupled with the increasingly long-term and fixed cost nature of our content acquisition licenses, may adversely affect our operating results. From time to time, our subscribers express dissatisfaction with our service, including among other things, our title selection, pricing, delivery speed and service interruptions. Furthermore, third-party devices that enable instant streaming of TV shows and movies from Netflix may not meet consumer expectations. To the extent dissatisfaction with our service is widespread or not adequately addressed, our brand may be adversely impacted and our ability to attract and retain subscribers may be adversely affected.In 2011, we made a series of announcements regarding our business, including the breakup of our DVD-by-mail and streaming plans with a corresponding price change for some of our customers, the rebranding of our DVD-by-mail service, and the subsequent retraction of our plans to rebrand our DVD-by-ma il service. Consumers reacted negatively to these announcements, adversely impacting our brand and resulting in higher than expected customer cancellations, which negatively affected our operating results. While we have seen significant improvements to our brand since the events of 2011, we nonetheless believe that it will continue to take time to repair our brand to the levels we enjoyed prior to the events of 2011. 6 Table of Contents With respect to our expansion into international markets, we will also need to establish our brand and to the extent we are not successful, our business in new markets would be adversely impacted.Changes in our subscriber acquisition sources could adversely affect our marketing expenses and subscriber levels may be adversely affected. We utilize a broad mix of marketing programs to promote our service to potential new subscribers. We obtain new subscribers through our online marketing efforts, including paid depend listings, banner ads, text links a nd permission-based e-mails, as well as our affiliate program. We also engage our consumer electronics partners to generate new subscribers for our service. In addition, we have engaged in various offline marketing programs, including TV and radio advertising, direct mail and print campaigns, consumer package and mailing insertions.We also choose a number of subscribers who rejoin our service having previously cancelled their membership. We maintain an active public relations program, including through social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, to increase awareness of our service and drive subscriber acquisition. We opportunistically adjust our mix of marketing programs to acquire new subscribers at a reasonable cost with the intention of achieving overall financial goals. If we are unable to maintain or replace our sources of subscribers with similarly effective sources, or if the cost of our existing sources increases, our subscriber levels and marketing expenses may be ad versely affected.We may not be able to continue to support the marketing of our service by current means if such activities are no longer available to us, become cost repealive or are adverse to our business. If companies that currently promote our service decide that we are negatively impacting their business, that they want to compete more directly with our business or enter a similar business or decide to exclusively support our competitors, we may no longer be given access to such marketing channels. In addition, if ad rates increase, we may curtail marketing expenses or otherwise experience an increase in our marketing costs. Laws and regulations impose restrictions on or otherwise prohibit the use of certain acquisition channels, including commercial e-mail and direct mail.We may limit or discontinue use or support of certain marketing sources or activities if we become concerned that subscribers or potential subscribers deem such practices intrusive or damaging to our brand . If the available marketing channels are curtailed, our ability to attract new subscribers may be adversely affected. If we become subject to liability for content that we distribute through our service, our results of operations would be adversely affected. As a distributor of content, we face potential liability for negligence, copyright, or trademark infringement or other claims based on the nature and content of materials that we distribute. We also may face potential liability for content used in member reviews. If we become liable, then our business may suffer.Litigation to defend these claims could be costly and the expenses and damages arising from any liability could harm our results of operations. We cannot assure that we are indemnified to cover claims of these types or liability that may be imposed on us, and we may not have insurance coverage for these types of claims. If studios and other content providers refuse to license streaming content to us upon gratifying ter ms, our business could be adversely affected. Our ability to provide our subscribers with content they can watch instantly depends on studios and other content providers licensing us content specifically for Internet delivery. The license periods and the terms and conditions of such licenses vary.If the studios and other content providers change their terms and conditions or are no longer willing or able to license us content, our ability to stream content to our subscribers will be adversely affected. Unlike DVD, streaming content is not subject to the First sales event Doctrine. As such, we are completely dependent on the various content providers to license us content in order to access and stream content. Many of the licenses provide for the studios or other content providers to withdraw content from our service relatively quickly. Because of these provisions as well as other actions we may take, content available through our service can be withdrawn on short notice. In additio n, the studios and other content providers have great flexibility in licensing streaming content.They may elect to license content exclusively to a particular provider or otherwise limit the types of services that can deliver streaming content. For example, HBO licenses content from studios like Warner Bros. and the license provides HBO with the exclusive right to such content against other subscription services, including Netflix. As such, Netflix cannot license certain Warner Bros. content for delivery to its subscribers while Warner Bros. may nonetheless license the same content on a transactional basis. Conversely, content providers may license the same content to multiple subscription-based services and may do so on different terms and conditions.As such, Netflix and its competitors may offer consumers many of the same content titles but license these at different rates. As competition increases, we may see the cost for programming increase. As we seek to differentiate our serv ice, we are increasingly focused on securing certain exclusive rights when obtaining content. We are also focused on programming an overall mix of content that delights our members in a cost efficient manner. Within this context, we are selective about the titles we add and renew our service. If we do not maintain a compelling mix of content, our subscriber acquisition and retention may be adversely affected. 7 Table of ContentsIf we are unable to secure and maintain rights to streaming content or if we cannot otherwise obtain such content upon terms that are bankable to us, including on an exclusive basis in some cases, our ability to stream TV shows and movies to our subscribers will be adversely impacted, and our subscriber acquisition and retention could also be adversely impacted. We rely upon a number of partners to offer instant streaming of content from Netflix to various devices. We currently offer subscribers the ability to receive streaming content through their PCs, Mac s and other Internet-connected devices, including Blu-ray players and TVs, digital video players, game consoles and mobile devices.We intend to continue to broaden our capability to instantly stream TV shows and movies to other platforms and partners over time. If we are not successful in maintaining existing and creating new relationships, or if we encounter technological, content licensing or other impediments to our streaming content, our ability to grow our business could be adversely impacted. Our agreements with our consumer electronics partners are typically between one and three years in duration and our business could be adversely affected if, upon expiration, a number of our partners do not continue to provide access to our service or are unwilling to do so on terms acceptable to us, which terms may include the degree of accessibility and prominence of our service.Furthermore, devices are manufactured and sold by entities other than Netflix and while these entities should be trusty for the devices performance, the connection between these devices and Netflix may nonetheless result in consumer dissatisfaction toward Netflix and such dissatisfaction could result in claims against us or otherwise adversely impact our business. In addition, technology changes to our streaming functionality may require that partners update their devices. If partners do not update or otherwise modify their devices, our service and our subscribers use and enjoyment could be negatively impacted. If subscriptions to our Domestic DVD segment decline faster than anticipated, our business could be adversely affected The number of subscriptions to our DVD-by-mail offering is declining, and we anticipate that this decline will continue.We believe, however, that the domestic DVD business will continue to generate significant contribution profit for our business. In addition, we believe that DVD will be a valuable consumer proposition and studio profit center for the next several y ears, even as DVD sales decline. The contribution profit generated by our domestic DVD business will help provide capital resources to fund losses arising from our growth internationally. To the extent that the rate of decline in our DVD-by-mail business is greater than we anticipate, our business could be adversely affected. Because we are primarily focused on building a global streaming service, the resources allocated to maintaining DVD operations and the level of solicitude focus on our DVD business are limited.We do not anticipate increasing resources to our DVD operations and the technology used in its operations will not be meaningfully improved. To the extent that we experience service interruptions or other degradations in our DVD-bymail service, subscribers satisfaction could be negatively impacted and we could experience an increase in DVD-by-mail subscriber cancellations, which could adversely impact our business. If U. S. Copyright law were altered to amend or eliminat e the First Sale Doctrine, our business could be adversely affected. Under U. S. Copyright Law, once a DVD is sold into the market, those obtaining the DVD are permitted to re-sell it, rent it or otherwise dispose of it. This is commonly referred to as the First Sale Doctrine.While the vast majority of our DVD content acquisitions are direct from content providers, the First Sale Doctrine provides us with an option to acquire content from other third parties should the content providers refuse to deal with us on acceptable terms. If Congress or the courts were to change or substantially limit this First Sale Doctrine, our ability to obtain DVD content and then rent it could be adversely affected. change magnitude availability of new releases to other distribution channels prior to, or on parity with, the release on DVD, and/or the delayed availability of such DVDs through our service, could adversely affect our business. Over the past several years, we have seen content providers a djust and experiment with the various distribution channels and content release timing.Further, our licensing agreements with several studios require that we do not rent new release DVDs until some period of time after such DVDs are first made available for retail sale. These shifting distribution channels, their associated timing and/or the delayed availability of such DVDs through our service may negatively impact subscribers perception of value in our service, which could adversely affect our business. Moreover, if we are unable to negotiate favorable terms to acquire DVDs, our contribution profits may be adversely affected. Any significant disruption in our computer systems or those of third-parties that we utilize in our operations could result in a loss or degradation of service and could adversely impact our business.Our spirit and ability to attract, retain and serve our subscribers is dependent upon the reliable performance of our computer systems and those of third-partie s that we utilize in our operations. Interruptions in these systems, or with the Internet in general, could make our service unavailable or degraded or otherwise hinder our ability to deliver streaming content or fulfill 8 Table of Contents DVD selections. From time to time, we experience service interruptions and have voluntarily provided affected subscribers with a credit during periods of extended outage. Service interruptions, errors in our software or the unavailability of computer systems used in our operations could diminish the overall attractiveness of our subscription service to existing and potential subscribers.Our servers and those of third parties we use in our operations are vulnerable to computer viruses, physical or electronic break-ins and similar disruptions and periodically experience directed attacks intended to lead to interruptions and delays in our service and operations as well as loss, misuse or theft of data. Any attempt by hackers to disrupt our service or otherwise access our systems, if successful, could harm our business, be expensive to remedy and damage our reputation. We have implemented certain systems and processes to thwart hackers and to date hackers have not had a material impact on our service or systems however this is no assurance that hackers may not be successful in the future. Our insurance does not cover expenses related to such disruptions or unauthorized access.Efforts to prevent hackers from disrupting our service or otherwise accessing our systems are expensive to implement and may limit the functionality of or otherwise negatively impact our service offering and systems. Any significant disruption to our service or access to our systems could result in a loss of subscribers and adversely affect our business and results of operation. We utilize our own communications and computer hardware systems located either in our facilities or in that of a third-party Web hosting provider. In addition, we utilize third-pa rty Internet-based or cloud computing services in connection with our business operations. We also utilize our own and third-party content delivery networks to help us stream TV shows and movies in high volume to Netflix subscribers over the Internet.Problems faced by us or our third-party Web hosting, cloud computing, or content delivery network providers, including technological or business-related disruptions, could adversely impact the experience of our subscribers. In addition, fires, floods, earthquakes, power losses, telecommunications failures, break-ins and similar events could damage these systems and hardware or cause them to fail completely. As we do not maintain entirely redundant systems, a disrupting event could result in prolonged downtime of our operations and could adversely affect our business. We rely upon Amazon Web Services to operate certain aspects of our service and any disruption of or interference with our use of the Amazon Web Services operation would imp act our operations and our business would be adversely impacted.Amazon Web Services (AWS) provides a distributed computing infrastructure platform for business operations, or what is commonly referred to as a cloud computing service. We have architected our software and computer systems so as to utilize data processing, storage capabilities and other services provided by AWS. Currently, we run the vast majority of our computing on AWS. Given this, along with the fact that we cannot easily switch our AWS operations to another cloud provider, any disruption of or interference with our use of AWS would impact our operations and our business would be adversely impacted. While the retail side of Amazon competes with us, we do not believe that Amazon will use the AWS operation in such a manner as to gain competitive advantage against our service.If we experience difficulties with the operation and implementation of uncovered Connect, our single-purpose Netflix content delivery network (C DN), our business and results of operation could be adversely impacted In addition to general-purpose commercial CDNs, we have enabled Internet service providers (ISPs) to obtain our streaming content from Open Connect, a single-purpose Netflix content delivery network that we have established. Given our size and growth, we believe it makes economic sense to have our own specialized CDN. We will continue to work with our commercial CDN partners for the next few years, but eventually we expect the vast majority of our streaming bits will be served by Open Connect. Open Connect will provide the Netflix bits at no cost to the locations the ISP desires, or ISPs can choose to get the Netflix bits at common Internet exchanges.To the extent ISPs do not interconnect with Open Connect or if we experience difficulties in operating the Open Connect CDN service, our ability to efficiently and effectively deliver our streaming content to our subscribers could be adversely impacted and our busine ss and results of operation could be adversely affected. harm to implement Open Connect could require us to engage third-party solutions to deliver our content to ISPs, which could increase our costs and negatively affect our operating results. If we are unable to effectively utilize our recommendation and merchandising technology or develop user interfaces that maintain or increase subscriber engagement with our service, our business may suffer. Our proprietary recommendation and merchandising technology enables us to predict and recommend titles and effectively merchandise our library to our subscribers.We also develop, test and implement various user interfaces across multiple devices, in an effort to maintain and increase subscriber engagement with our service. 9 Table of Contents We are continually refining our recommendation and merchandising technology as well as our various user interfaces in an effort to improve the predictive accuracy of our TV show and movie recommendati ons and the useableness of and engagement with our service by our subscribers. We may experience difficulties in implementing refinements or other, third party recommendation or merchandising technology or interfaces may become more popular with or useful to our subscribers.In addition, we cannot assure that we will be able to continue to make and implement meaningful refinements to our recommendation technology. If our recommendation and merchandising technology does not enable us to predict and recommend titles that our subscribers will enjoy or if we are unable to implement meaningful improvements thereto or otherwise improve our user interfaces, our service may be less useful to our subscribers. Such failures could lead to the following our subscriber satisfaction may decrease, subscribers may perceive our service to be of degrade value and our ability to attract and retain subscribers may be adversely affected and our ability to effectively merchandise and utilize our libra ry will be adversely affected.We rely heavily on our proprietary technology to stream TV shows and movies and to manage other aspects of our operations, and the failure of this technology to operate effectively could adversely affect our business. We continually enhance or modify the technology used for our operations. We cannot be sure that any enhancements or other modifications we make to our operations will achieve the intended results or otherwise be of value to our subscribers. Future enhancements and modifications to our technology could consume considerable resources. If we are unable to maintain and enhance our technology to manage the streaming of TV shows and movies to our subscribers in a timely and efficient manner and/or the processing of DVDs among our shipping centers, our ability to retain existing subscribers and to add new subscribers may be impaired.In addition, if our technology or that of thirdparties we utilize in our operations fails or otherwise operates imp roperly, our ability to retain existing subscribers and to add new subscribers may be impaired. Also, any harm to our subscribers personal computers or other devices caused by software used in our operations could have an adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Changes in U. S. Postal rates or operations could adversely impact our operating results and subscriber satisfaction. We rely exclusively on the U. S. Postal Service to deliver DVDs from our shipping centers and to return DVDs to us from our subscribers.Increases in postage delivery rates could adversely affect our Domestic DVD segments contribution profit. The U. S. Postal Service increased the rate for first class postage on January 23, 2013 to 46 cents. It is expected that the U. S. Postal Service will raise rates again in subsequent years, which would result in increased shipping costs. If the U. S. Postal Service were to change any policies relative to the requirements of firstclass mail, including changes in size, weight or machinability qualifications of our DVD envelopes, such changes could result in increased shipping costs or higher breakage for our DVDs, and our contribution margin could be adversely affected.For example, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia recently instructed the Postal Regulatory Commission (mainland China) to remedy discrimination by the Postal Service in the processing of DVDs by mail, or to explain adequately why such discrimination is reasonable. While we do not anticipate any material impact to our operations arising from this case, if the PRC institutes a remedy that results in an increase in postage rates or changes the manner in which our DVD shipments are processed, our contribution margin could be adversely affected. If the U. S. Postal Service were to implement other changes to improve its financial position, such as closing mail processing facilities or service reductions, such changes could lead to a decrease in customer satisfaction and our results of operations could be adversely affected.If government regulations relating to the Internet or other areas of our business change, we may need to alter the manner in which we conduct our business, or incur greater operating expenses. The adoption or modification of laws or regulations relating to the Internet or other areas of our business could limit or otherwise adversely affect the manner in which we currently conduct our business. In addition, the growth and development of the market for online commerce may lead to more stringent consumer protection laws, which may impose additional burdens on us. If we are required to comply with new regulations or legislation or new interpretations of existing regulations or legislation, this compliance could cause us to incur additional expenses or alter our business model.The adoption of any laws or regulations that adversely affect the growth, popularity or use of the Internet, includ ing laws limiting Internet neutrality, could decrease the demand for our subscription service and increase our cost of doing business. For example, in late 2010, the federal official Communications Commission adopted so-called net neutrality rules intended, in part, to prevent network operators from discriminating against legal traffic that transverse their networks. The rules are currently subject to legal challenge. To the extent that these rules are interpreted to enable network operators to engage in discriminatory practices or are overturned by legal challenge, our business could be adversely impacted.As we expand internationally, government regulation concerning the Internet, and in particular, network neutrality, may be nascent or nonexistent. Within 10 Table of Contents such a regulatory environment, coupled with potentially significant political and economic power of local network operators, we could experience discriminatory or anti-competitive practices that could impede our growth, cause us to incur additional expense or otherwise negatively affect our business. Changes in how network operators handle and charge for access to data that travel across their networks could adversely impact our business. We rely upon the ability of consumers to access our service through the Internet.To the extent that network operators implement usage based pricing, including meaningful bandwidth caps, or otherwise try to monetize access to their networks by data providers, we could incur greater operating expenses and our subscriber acquisition and retention could be negatively impacted. For example, in late 2010, Comcast informed Level 3 Communications that it would require Level 3 to pay for the ability to access Comcasts network. Given that much of the traffic being requested by Comcast customers is Netflix streaming content stored with Level 3, many commentators have looked to this situation as an example of Comcast either discriminating against Netflix traffic o r trying to increase Netflixs operating costs.Furthermore, to the extent network operators were to create tiers of Internet access service and either charge us for or prohibit us from being available through these tiers, our business could be negatively impacted. Most network operators that provide consumers with access to the Internet also provide these consumers with multichannel video programming. As such, companies like Comcast, Time Warner Cable and Cablevision have an incentive to use their network infrastructure in a manner adverse to our continued growth and success. For example, Comcast exempted certain of its own Internet video traffic (e. g. , Streampix videos to the Xbox 360) from a bandwidth cap that applies to all unaffiliated Internet video traffic (e. g. , Netflix videos to the Xbox 360).While we believe that consumer demand, regulatory reverting and competition will help check these incentives, to the extent that network operators are able to provide preferential t reatment to their data as opposed to ours or otherwise implement discriminatory network management practices, our business could be negatively impacted. In international markets, especially in Latin America, these same incentives get into however, the consumer demand, regulatory oversight and competition may not be as strong as in our domestic market. Privacy concerns could limit our ability to leverage our subscriber data and our disclosure of subscriber data could adversely impact our business and reputation. In the ordinary course of business and in particular in connection with merchandising our service to our subscribers, we collect and utilize data supplied by our subscribers. We currently face certain legal obligations regarding the manner in which we treat such information.Other businesses have been criticized by privacy groups and governmental bodies for attempts to link personal identities and other information to data collected on the Internet regarding users browsing an d other habits. Increased regulation of data utilization practices, including self-regulation or findings under existing laws, that limit our ability to use collected data, could have an adverse effect on our business. In addition, if we were to disclose data about our subscribers in a manner that was objectionable to them, our business reputation could be adversely affected, and we could face potential legal claims that could impact our operating results.As our business evolves and as we expand internationally, we may become subject to additional and/or more stringent legal obligations concerning our treatment of customer information. Failure to comply with these obligations could subject us to liability, and to the extent that we need to alter our business model or practices to adapt to these obligations, we could incur additional expenses. Our reputation and relationships with subscribers would be harmed if our subscriber data, particularly billing data, were to be accessed by un authorized persons. We maintain personal data regarding our subscribers, including names and, in many cases, mailing addresses. With respect to billing data, such as