Differentiate between grievance and discipline Essay

Organization’s effectiveness is based on its culture and management practice structure that lead towards maintaining the harmony of organizational performance and regulating the behavior and attitude of its employees. Managers are required to maintain the workplace environment through identifying the potential weak areas that lead towards in-disciplinary behaviors of employees. Discipline at workplace helps control and normalize the behavior of employees through various procedures. Company may use strict disciplinary actions to make employees conform their actions to the expectations of management or may go for group norm pressure to standardize employees’ behavior. Manager’s role is critical in such situation as it places great responsibility on him for leading the employees for subsequent higher performance. Manager may exercise strict rules to align the behavior of employees that are accompanied by penalties/punishment sanctions on employees. Corporate culture understanding needs to clearly convey towards employees for productive group behavior. However, it has been observed that sometimes strict discipline also leads towards lower performance affecting the organizational effectiveness. Inequality among employees concerning rewards and treatment b management result in great dissatisfaction; discipline actions when over exhibited on some people, it lead towards discriminatory behavior. Grievance is therefore a mechanism to present the viewpoint to senior management concerning the inequality and inappropriateness of disciplinary actions of organization. Discipline is thus a set of actions to regulate and standardize the employee attitude & behavior, whereas grievance is a procedure to report the injustice and inequality being faced by employees to higher decision making authority. Organizational justice framework is based on these two components that enable managers to figure out the sources that lead towards grievance in employees. Discipline helps organizations maintain the harmony and effectiveness of workplace environment; rules, policies and standard procedures enables regulate the employee behavior and maintain organization culture. Inequality in organizational culture and inability of management to provide diverse workplace environment either due to stereotypical response towards a particular group or restricting the decisions only to a particular group referring to nepotism. Incompetence of organizational framework to manage the situations and employees behavior results in discrimination and group based structure in employees for the protection of their rights. Union based culture is more common in government managed organization where employees have joined separate unions for the protection of their workplace rights. Discipline requires adjustments in rules and workplace policies addressing the dimensional aspects of negligence, employee safety, incompetency, rights protection, workplace norms, and organizational culture expectations. Rules relating to employee behavior, punishment and penalties, warnings, and other organizational aspects present a clear expectation to employees related to workplace environment and operational management style. Induction of rules is necessary to be conveyed to new comers in organization so that procedural mechanism becomes clear related to employee actions, group norms, and managerial actions pertaining to employee behavior. Managers must provide employees clear insight about the work setting and organizational culture through their actions and responses towards managing the equality at workplace. Stereotypical responses by employees, and group formation based on race/ethnic rights protection in workplace that are depicted as discrimination in employee treatment, rewards and pay scale offering, and career growth opportunities restrictions to a particular group result in job dissatisfaction and reduction in organizational commitment. In such case, if an employee wants to present his viewpoints concerning inequality at workplace manager must assess the situation sensitivity and factors that lead towards grievance filing. Senior management must form a clear objective grievance channel in order to address such issues raised in organization. Management must place emphasis on fairness of decision by providing equal representation rights to employees. Procedural steps for grievance hearing and decisions must be limited to certain extent of hierarchy for increasing the response time to resolve grievance issues. Senior management can form a committee addressing grievance issues of employee having representation of lower level manager and at least one member representation from senior management holding decision making power. This leads towards maintaining organization justice and shows effectiveness of organizations structure for formalizing the framework. This way, discipline and grievance in combine are very essential component of strategic organization’s framework for justice. Manager need to maintain the discipline of employee and must equalize the grievance procedure to maintain the organizational effectiveness by providing equal opportunity to all employees to report any factors that lead towards job dissatisfaction. Complaint filing procedure formalization simplifies the ambiguity concerning the management perspective and ability of employees to report any injustice. Manipulation of rules and disciplinary actions restrict the opportunities for equality at workplace. Biased behavior results in violating the principles of flexibility and freedom of voice representation by employees. Formalizing the rules and written policy procedure strengthen the discipline at workplace that supports the organizational justice framework. Grievance procedural steps must be defined in policy structure to reduce ambiguity and providing employees opportunity to exercise their rights in situation when the confront discrimination at workplace; manager must provide support in assessing the factors viability and prospective role to minimize the arousal of such grievance factor again.

Existential Psychology and Humanistic Approach: Use in Modern Perspective

Extistencail psychology & humanistic approach (personality) Use in modern perspective Focus on how it relates to happiness Difference: humanist + side of human Est related to sex and aggression. Which statement about Freud’s theory of personality is FALSE? The most important aspects of personally development are finished by age 6 The ego continues to develop as you grow The id is present at birth The ego must balance the demands of the id and super-ego The id is entirely unconscious. The ego is entirely conscious Difference: ego & super ego Ego: the eye since of self, intelligence ore rational Super ego: (over-eye) develop early on Demand of your culture, what your culture (good boy or girl) should or shouldn’t do. Ex: good person won’t have sex In this defense mechanism, an individual acts in a manner opposite to their true desires or motives.Displacement You displace your anger on something or someone else Projection Instead of admitingit to yourself yo u accuse everyone else of it Reaction formation Regression Using a baby talk Denial Act as if something isn’t happening * Defense machanism do exist. He’s probably wrong about ppl use it by unciounsious * There are many reasons that contribute to our attraction to others. One of the best predictors in selecting and developing interpersonal and romantic relationships is Mere exposure effect Is why proximity is such a good predictor Just seeing them won’t influence it as much as the other one Personality characteristics Commonalities in parental behavior Physical proximity How close u live to each other They are there and you get to know them, b/c they live close to you What is familiar is more appealing then what isn’t Age Defense mechanisms are enated by The id The ego The super-egoBoth the ego and the super ego Both the id and the super-ego In _________love we experience feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction, in ________love, we e xperience affection, trust, and concern, for a partner’s well-being. Passionate; companionate Companionate deals w/ oxitocen Passionate deals w/ dopamine (like w/ drugs) Research has consistently demonstrated five core components of personality. Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality tratis? Agreeableness Extraversion + to neutral? Openness to experience Narcissism – to neutral? B&CWhich of the big 5 is associated w/ school and work success? (along w/ predicting IQ) Consciousness What do obedience to authority and a tendency to reciprocate other’s favors have in common? Norms (unwritten standards for behavior or how ppl will react to one other) Differ from culture to culture No one is going to sit u down & tell you Ex: you will obey an officer (or ppl in position of authority) When your friend does really well on a test, he says it’s b/c he is smart. If he fails, he says it’s b/c the test was really hard. This is an e x of which of the following? Extraversion Denial SublimationSelf-serving bias We have a general good look of our self Look at outside reason why we didn’t do so well. repression The tendency for ppl to engage in ____________ explains why some ppl prefer negative evaluation over positive ones and also seek mate who view them poorly. Self-verification Get info from ppl around us Deosn’t change a lot over time We seek ppl out who confirm w/ our own thoughts Self denial Self actualization Self serving bias Self report * * _____________ persuasion is a type of persuasion that involves a chang in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion.Systematic Heuristic Habbits & emotion Happy, joy Non-systematic Logic & reason (opposite of heuristic) Ppl take their time (ppl are spending a lot of $) Inferential Residual The Lexical Hypothsis suggested that: Language will have many words for very important personality traits. Language will have fe w words for the very important personality traits Some cultures do not believe in the idea of stable personality traits. Some cultures do believe in the idea of stable personality traits. Which of the following statements about personality traits is NOT true?Traits allow us to predict behavior in specific situations. Only over time, not in situations Intelligence is not a personalilty trait According to the ___________ ppl aggress when their goals are thwarted. Pleasure principle Frustration-agression Drive principle Motivation principle Aggression-motivation hypothesis As cover in class the humanistic perspective on personality and motivation suggests that there are 3 b Automomy relatedness Competence Dominance Milgrams famous obedience study reveals that about ______% of participants delivered the max level of shock. 15% 25% 50% 65% 95% top sooner if they had to touch the learner being closer to the learner personality traits matter too often ppl who didn’t car about what p pl thought about them being taught by parents/ even if you are told to do something it wasn’t ok to hurt some one ppl who had a strong need to be approved of they were more likely to continue Researches have discovered a gene associated w/ serotonin availability in th frontal love. This gen is also related to the personality trait of neuroticism The Zimbardo prison study has been cited as an example that: negative situation pressures often outweigh personality traits.When ppl in angry mobs, they may not be awar of their own standards of behavior. This may be due to: Reciprocal altruism Altruism Diffusion of responsibility Doesn’t have to do w/ being aware of yourself This is in the ex of who is going to come forth to do the work When someone needs help & it isn’t clear if it’s a emergency When there is a crowd &ppl act like it’s fine then u assume it’s fine too When u are by yourself, u don’t have reference of others so u r mo re likely to help Deindividuation Group polarizationIn _________ an individual’s experience of the environment is shaped y unintentional effects of their personality on others. Situation selection Manipulation When we do it intension to manipulate others to get what we want Evocation Unintentional effect ppl respond to b/c of ur personality Passive correlation Spent a lot of ppl who have the same gene as you so it’s hard to pull apart Self-serving bias In John Gottman’s research on predictors of divorce, couples who remained married showed a ratio of ____ positive interactons for every _____negative interactions 5;1 1;5 2;1 1;2 1;1 *

A Brief History Of Petroleum Commerce Essay

Most of the oil consumed today has moved from one state to another. It is the largest individual trade good in the International market and the Petroleum industry is one of the largest industries in the universe. Petroleum is a fossil fuel because it was formed from the remains of bantam sea workss and animate beings that died 1000000s of old ages ago. When the workss and animate beings died, they sank to the underside of the oceans. They were buried 1000s of pess below the sand and silt. As clip elapsed and as the beds increased, this organic mixture was subjected to tremendous force per unit area and heat. The mixture changed, interrupting down into compounds made of H and C atoms called hydrocarbons. Finally, an oil-saturated rock-much like a wet family sponge was formed. All organic stuff does non turn into oil. Certain geological conditions must be met within the oil-rich stones. There must be a trap of non-porous stone that prevents the oil from oozing out, and a seal that keeps the oil from lifting to the surface. Under these conditions, merely two per centum of the organic stuff is transformed into oil. ( Parra, 2004 ) Shell Nigeria History Shell Petroleum is one of universe ‘s prima manufacturers of oil, gas and petrochemicals ; Shell Oil Company has distinguished itself through its committedness to industry invention. Its selling expertness has enabled the company to counterbalance for its comparatively low volume of rough oil production, as compared to its strongest rivals, by selling an tantamount sum of gasolene nationwide. Oil and gas operations began in Nigeria efficaciously in 1956, with the first commercial discovery in that twelvemonth by the so Shell D'Arcy. By the 1960s turning environmental concerns led Shell to put to a great extent in systems intended to cut down pollution and to conserve energy in its workss. In the undermentioned decennary, the company began printing a series of consumer-oriented brochures on such subjects as auto care and energy preservation. Shell continued to rule the Nigerian oil industry for long until Nigeria joined the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries ( OPEC ) in 1971, after which the state began to take a firmer control of its oil and gas resources, in line with the pattern and regulations of the other members of OPEC. Within this period, many Multinational Oil Companies like Gulf Oil and Texaco ( now ChevronTexaco ) , Elf Petroleum ( now Total ) , Mobil ( now ExxonMobil ) , and Agip, in add-on to Shell, which was already playing a dominant function in the industry emerged. To day of the month, the above companies constitute the participants in Nigeria ‘s oil industry, with Shell the major participant accounting for a merely small less than 50 % of Nigeria ‘s entire day-to-day production, which presently stands at about 2.4 million barrels of oil per twenty-four hours, ( Socyberty, 2010 ) . The company has delved into assorted concerns and these can be classified into three organisations viz. upstream organisation, the downstream organisation and the undertakings and engineering Organization,Upstream OrganizationThe Upstream organisation explores for and infusions crude oil and natural gas, frequently in joint ventures with international and national oil companies. The organisation besi des liquefies natural gas by chilling and selling it to clients. It besides converts natural gas to liquids to supply cleaner firing fuels. It is besides responsible for selling and trading natural gas and power. It besides develops air current power as a agency to bring forth electricity.DownstreamThe organisation bend rough oil into a scope of refined merchandises, which are moved and marketed around the assorted provinces in Nigeria for domestic, industrial and conveyance usage. These include fuels, lubricators and bitumen. The fabrication concern includes Refining, Supply and Distribution. Marketing includes the Retail, Business to Business, Lubricants and Alternative Energies and Carbon dioxide. The Chemicals concern has dedicated Manufacturing and Marketing units of its ain. It trades rough oil, oil merchandises and petrochemicals chiefly to optimise feedstock for the Manufacturing concern and to provide the Selling concern. The Carbon dioxide organisation is responsible for o rganizing and driving Carbon dioxide direction activities across the company.Undertakings & A ; TechnologyThe organisation provides proficient services and engineering capableness in upstream and downstream activities. It manages the bringing of major undertakings and helps to better public presentation across the company. It delivers differentiated proficient information engineering for Shell and drive research and invention to make tomorrow ‘s engineering solutions. Undertakings and Technology besides houses Safety & A ; Environment and Contracting & A ; Procurement as these are built-in to all Shell Petroleum ‘s activities. External and Internal Environment of Shell Nigeria All organisations should hold the input from their external environment that in bend exchanges the merchandise and services they produce in order to supply the energy for continued being. â€Å" An organisation needs to be able to pull off its environment to last in the current concern environment by being invariably cognizant of development from its environment † ( Tiernan et al 2006 ) . All factors that are within other maps of their ain house are referred to as the internal environment. ( Shell 2010 )External EnvironmentChallenges confronting many companies today originate outside them. A survey of the external environment can descry major chances and menaces. Successful companies follow wide environmental tendencies and intermittently assess alterations taking topographic points in their industry. A company can non in general control its wide environment. ( Dess and Miller, 1993:45 )Plague AnalysisAn organisation environmental analysis should be uninterrupted and feed all facets of be aftering before get downing the selling procedure. PEST analysis is a manner of analysing an organisation ‘s external environment. PEST means Political, Economical, Social, and Technology. These factors are beyond the control and influence of a concern but it is of import to be cognizant of it when making merchandise development, scheme or concern planning, ( Rapidbi 2008 ) . Beginning: hypertext transfer protocol: //www.learnmarketing.net/marketing.jpgPEST ANALYSIS ON SHELL NIGERIAPolitical factorsWars and ConflictsGovernment PoliciesMilitancy/TerrorismGovernment LeadershipGovernment Structures.Political TendenciesEconomic factorHome Economy TrendsGeneral Taxation Issues.Market and Trade CyclesInternational Trade and Monetary Issues.Job Growth/UnemploymentInterest and Exchange RateInternal Finance and Cash FlowSocial factorConsumer Buying Patterns.Ethnic/Religious Factors.Ad and PromotionHealth/Living StandardsBrand company and Technology ImageConsumer ‘s attitude and sentimentsMedia positionsTechnological factorResearch SupportAdulthood of TechnologyInformation and CommunicationsIntellectual Property IssuesInternetTransportation systemSoftware ChangesPolitical FactorsThe political sphere can increase or diminish a company ‘s independency and do the environment unfriendly or supportive of its activities ( Dess and Miller, 1993:48 ) . It has a immense influence upon the ordinance of concerns, and the disbursement power of consumers. This relates to how authorities policies affect Shell Nigeria Petroleum ‘s operation. Political factors such as Government policies, Political tendencies, and Government constructions, combativeness or terrorist act have high impact on Shell Petroleum. Rapid alterations in Government policies have affected Shell Nigeria Petroleum. When a authorities comes to power, he condemns the planning work done by the cherished authorities and brings in new policies that may or may non prefer Shell Petroleum. Due to political instability, decelerate development occurs. Combativeness or terrorist act has affected Shell Petroleum in Nigeria earnestly. The activists in the Niger Delta where the chief oil is situated besides affect the production of oil by Shell crude oil extremely. They are non supportive of the activities perpetrated by Shell. They are of the sentiment that Shell Nigeria do non merit to be at that place as there are no important development in their countries despite big sums of oil been gotten from the Niger Delta communities. As a consequence of these, the activists prehend oil Wellss, nobble exiles for big sums of money known ransom in return. They besides blow up oil Wellss and even kill these exiles. The activists want a per centum of what is gotten from the sale of oil from their community and as this has non been given to them or has been mismanaged by the top functionaries in the authorities, the activists travel a long manner to impact the day-to-day production of Shell Petroleum in Nigeria.Economic FactorsThe Economic facto rs of a province besides have a high impact in the behavior of a company. The stableness of the economic system of a state determines how the consumers would be able to devour energy merchandises. The overall province of the economic system influences the public presentations and schemes of a company. Nigeria ‘s economic system has undertaken several reforms over the past decennary after old ages of political instability due to over-dependence on the oil sector. Since 2008 the authorities has begun demoing the political will to implement the market-oriented reforms urged by the IMF, such as to overhaul the banking system, to control rising prices by barricading inordinate pay demands, and to decide regional differences over the distribution of net incomes from the oil industry. In 2007-2009, GDP rose strongly thereby doing it one of the turning economic systems in Africa. As at 2009, Nigeria ‘s GDP stood at $ 339 billion and the GDP official exchange rate stood at $ 173.4 billion ( 2009 estimation ) and the GDP existent growing rate is 6.1 % ( 2009 estimation ) . ( Beginning: CIA World Fact, 2010 ) As a consequence of this analysis, the economic system state of affairs of Nigeria has a high impact of Shell Petroleum Nigeria as it affects it positively. Unemployment rate In Nigeria bases at 4.9 % as at 2007 while the rising prices rate bases at 12.4 % as at 2009, ( Beginning: CIA World fact ) . This analysis has a somewhat negative consequence as the buying power of the clients would be reduced. Components of Nigerian GDP in 2008 Beginning: StockmarketNigeria.comSocial FactorsPeoples ‘s picks which include the beliefs, values and attitudes of society are affected by Social factors. Changes in the societal factor of a state can impact buying behaviour. Shell is cognizant of this societal facet and this can be shown due to the big figure of client purchasing Shell Petroleum related merchandises. Oil spillage in the Niger Delta part of Nigeria is one of the wellness jeopardies caused by Shell Petroleum in Nigeria as they spill oil in the rivers doing it impossible for people in this part to angle, which is one of their major businesss. Gas flaring is besides one of the environmental jeopardies caused by Shell Petroleum but it already has programs to halt it by the terminal of 2011.The universe population is increasing and societal values are besides altering so the demand of fuel ingestion is besides increasing.Technology FactorProgresss in engineering have had a major impact on Shell Petroleum ‘s su ccess. Technological alteration impacts socio cultural attitudes. Due to the promotion in engineering, Shell Nigeria Petroleum have a subdivision of their organisation that carries out engineering related undertakings dedicatedly merely to run into up with the current promotion in engineering in the energy sector and break the life of its clients. The Shell Petroleum Project and Technology subdivision deliver differentiated proficient information engineering for Shell Petroleum and drive research and invention to make tomorrow ‘s engineering solutions. ( Shell 2010 )Porter ‘s Five ForcesPorter 1980 stated that the competition province of an industry depends on five basic competitory forces. The combined strength of these forces establishes the concluding net income possible in the industry, where net income potency is precised in term of long tally return on invested capital. Assorted industries differ in their ultimate net income potency as the corporate strength of the forces differs. The forces include:Dickering power of purchasersShell crude oil has assorted trade names of merchandises from which a client can take from. It ranges from the lubricators to the natural gas. The power of the purchaser is high because of these assorted scope so g merchandises that abound in Shell crude oil.Dickering power of providersAssorted providers of crude oil merchandises besides increase the strength of Shell crude oil because they largely rely on Shell crude oil for the supply of crude oil merchandises. The dickering power of providers is high.Competitive competitionThe crude oil sector is a competitory sector. Competition is high and ferocious as there are many companies like Exxon Mobil, Total, and Agip. Shell crude oil has remained in front of these companies because it has a strong trade name name and it wields adequate power and has strong influence in the oil sector due to its assorted quality trade name merchandises.Menaces of New EntrantsIt would be h ighly hard for new entrants to come in the crude oil market because Shell has created and established a strong image and trade name name. The menaces of new entrants are low because new entrants would confront assorted barriers like: They would necessitate more clip in doing its trade name known and etching it in the heads of bing clients of Shell crude oil who already like Shell Petroleum ‘s merchandise. They would necessitate more clip and to interrupt the monopoly of ShellMenaces of SubstitutesShell crude oil offer quality merchandises to the Nigerian market. Quality merchandises like the Shell Rimula and Mysella are merchandises that would be hard to replace because the merchandises have undergone much research before it was introduced to the market. Before a merchandise is released into the market, it is good developed by the assorted sections in its assorted sectors in the company hence the menaces of replacements is low.Internal EnvironmentTo work chances and minimise menaces in the external environment, directors must analyse a house ‘s internal strengths and failings. The most effectual schemes are based on a thorough apprehension of an organisation ‘s internal environment, ( Dess and Miller, 2003:74 ) .SWOT AnalysisThis is a tool that is used to analyse a company and its environment. SWOT analysis aid companies who aim for success channel its eyes on cardinal iss ues as it ‘s the first phase of planning. SWOT analysis is divided into two viz. the Internal and the External factor. The Internal factor consists of Strengths and Weaknesses while the External factor consists of Opportunities and Menaces from its rivals. Beginning: World Wide Web. taoofstieb.blogspot.coSWOT ANALYSIS OF SHELL NIGERIAStrengthsLongevity in the marketMore researchStrong public presentation in the marketStrong trade name imageProduct/Service DifferentiationAffecting the populace positivelyFailingsGas flaring still in topographic pointOil spillageforce still affects itmuch focal point on oilOpportunitiesDiscovery of new oil WellssPenetration into Danger zoneEmbarking on new merchandisesRapid response to environmental unfavorable judgmentsMenacesLoss in net income as a consequence of fuel monetary valuestruggle and forcecompetition from challengersHigh involvement rateGlobal recessionStrengthShell has been one of the major leaders in the oil and gas industry and has adequate strength to execute in the oil and gas sector. It has its presence in over 72 states ( Shell 2010 ) . As a consequence it has a strong trade name image in Nigeria. It controls most of the oil Wellss in Nigeria. Shell besides embarks on new undertakings as they have a dedicated subdivision of their services entirely committed to transporting out new undertakings to see how to break the lives of Nigerians and the universe as a whole. In Nigeria, Shell besides organizes competitions like mathematics competitions and essays for pupils in secondary schools. Shell Nigeria besides awards scholarships to undergraduates in Nigerian universities from the Niger Delta part as a manner of helping their surveies. They besides aid station alumnus pupils from the Niger Delta to analyze either in Nigerian universities or abroad. As one of the major leaders in the oil and gas sector, Shell Nigeria besides has a scope of first-class merchandises that are supplied to different industries. They include Lubricants and Natural gas. Shell has assorted scopes of lubricators and motor oil which include: Shell Rimula Shell Mysella Shell Tellus Shell Turbo Shell besides supply natural gas through grapevines to large houses that are situated in Lagos province, Ogun province, Abia province and they have a strong trade name image.FailingShell Nigeria still embarks on flaring of gas during extraction. They flare gas to take unwanted bi-products. This procedure degrades the environment as it causes airborne diseases to the communities and besides affects the ozone bed. Many of the people populating in the Niger delta where Shell operates are fishermen and husbandmans by business but most of their lands and beginning of support has been affected by Shell as a consequence of oil spillage. This affects the fishermen and the husbandmans as the fishes in the river dies and their farming area are destroyed. Major focal point on the oil and gas sector entirely in Nigeria has made Shell non to seek for and put to a great extent into other sectors of the Nigerian economic system like agribusiness. Heavy dependance on the oil returns allows it to be exposed to rigorous market conditions and as new companies are besides emerging in the oil and gas sector, it puts it at a competitory disadvantage to its challengers who explore the other sectors of the Nigerian economic system and non the oil and gas sector entirely.OpportunitiesOpportunities abound for Shell Petroleum in Nigeria. Oil Wellss are still being found in assorted topographic points in Nigeria and as Shell is a major participant in the oil and gas sector, it has taken over these Wellss. Shell has besides been able to boom in the Niger delta country in Nigeria, a topographic point where many oil companies are endorsing out from. Inspite of the menaces and force coming from the activists, they have been able to win the bosom of some o f the activists. The power industry has improved in Nigeria and as a consequence of this, Shell besides has been able to ship on new merchandises and present them to the Nigerian market. This includes merchandises like the Shell Turbo.MenacesAs a consequence of the issues confronting Shell in the Niger delta part of Nigeria, Shell has been affected as some oil sites were collected from them harmonizing to a tribunal opinion in Nigeria and handed to local proprietors. Shell operates in the big oil and gas sector, and as the oil and gas sector is quickly increasing, there is intense competition from other oil and gas companies in Nigeria. These companies include Agip oil, ExxonMobil, Total. Assorted struggles in the Niger Delta besides affect Shell Petroleum in Nigeria. Assorted hawkish groups kidnap exiles and oil Wellss and inquire for immense ransom. As a consequence of this, the company is affected greatly as they cough out immense money to procure their oil Wellss and protect their employees.MOST AnalysisLike SWOT analysis, MOST analysis is besides a tool used to internally analyse the environment of a company. It defines the company through its Mission statement, its Aims, its Strategy and the Tactics it plans to utilize in run intoing these aims.MissionShell Nigeria ‘s mission statement is toA enhance profitableness through advanced direction schemes while guaranting cost effectivity and tackling originative thoughts. This mission statement is the ground for the being of Shell. It strives to tackle originative thoughts by making more advanced and effectual ways of transforming energy to energy tantrum for human usage.AimsShell Nigeria has stated aims that a re intended for its operation. These aims are indispensable points that it intends to run into so as to maintain up with its mission. The aims are to prosecute in oil and its merchandise expeditiously and to beginning for energy to run into client ‘s demands and the universe ‘s turning demand for energy. By run intoing these aims, the company intends to hold an border over its rivals.SchemeShell Nigeria has in topographic point assorted schemes to do the company accomplish its mission and set aims. These schemes include calling development, authorization, and unfastened door policy. The undertaking and engineering sector in the organisation applies the needful factors in accomplishing these schemes. These schemes are long term schemes that have been set to profit non merely the terminal clients but besides the economic province of the organisation in return. It besides has schemes in topographic point for bettering its bing merchandises and besides bring forthing new 1s. TacticssShell Nigeria has used assorted tactics to implement its mission, aims and strategic mission. These tactics have helped the company have an border over its rivals thereby doing clients to go on to sponsor them. These tactics include: Free auto service in every Shell crude oil filling station Good shed for loosen uping Assorted promos intended to do the client continue to sponsor them The variables in MOST analyses are indispensible and can be analyzed besides from top to bottom. One can non make without the other. They work manus in manus by driving each other until the organisation is successful.Organizational StructureFor an organisation to accomplish its proposed purpose, mission and vision, it needs to hold a sort of construction in topographic point that would enable it transport out these procedures. There have been assorted definitions of what an organisational construction is by different faculty members but John Martin and Martin Fellenz ( 2010 ) defined an organisational construction as â€Å" the formal agreement of undertaking, communicating and authorization relationships that influence and command how people coordinate and conduct their work † ( John Martin and Martin Fellenz 2010: p336 ) . In the early 1990s, Shell operated utilizing the matrix sort of construction. They comprised of four companies which include The Parent Companies, The Group Holding Companies, The Service Company and The Operating Companies. The Committee of Managing Directors ( CMD ) managed the company. The commission of pull offing managers consists of five pull offing managers which includes the president, the frailty president and three other pull offing managers. The president of the Royal Dutch Petroleum and the Managing Director of Shell rotated the chairmanship of the commission of pull offing managers. The commission ‘s occupation was to supply a connexion and linkage between the formal constructions of the group and besides the direction construction of the group. However in 1995, Shell Petroleum restructured the manner it operated. It dismantled the matrix runing construction of the companies and produced four concern organisations to achieve a closer integrating within each sector in every state where Shell Petroleum operates. The construction made each concern efficaciously control and program its operations good. The bureaucratism type of leading that had been in operation was removed paving manner for the construction to hold adequate strength to map out a defined function to the operating companies and concern organisation.Organizational StrategyStrategy is an articulated coveted way of an organisation that can be used by others to understand the organisation ( Linstead et al, 2009:711 ) . For Shell Nigeria, its strong thrust to implement its scheme can be seen by the resulted developments in Nigeria and as a consequence of this thrust and development, they retain their strong Image and name that they have both in Nigeria and the univers e as a whole. Shell Nigeria ‘s chief strategic characteristics were: They embarked on a strategic hereafter program. Most of Shell Nigeria ‘s rivals like Agip, Total embarked on a four or five twelvemonth program but Shell Nigeria embarked on a 20 twelvemonth program non because they wanted to hold a prognosis of what is traveling to go on within the 20 twelvemonth period but because they imagined scenarios that would go on and wanted to hold adequate solutions to the scenarios. The solutions they provided would let directors to see assorted ways to strategically react to any scenario that might blossom in the hereafter, ( blast 2010 ) . They besides played a strategic function by holding a strategic hereafter program where they would hold adequate installations to develop organisational acquisition, They besides focused on the approaching generational endowments. They were non excessively focused on fiscal public presentation. Assorted thoughts from different survey section like mathematics, economic sciences, and ecology were non thrown off by the Project section in Shell Nigeria alternatively they delved into it wholeheartedly so that their strong name would still be figure one and their repute would be retained. They operate an unfastened door policy which means that they welcome thoughts and constructive unfavorable judgments from their employees and the general populace. They have a hearing ear by taking into significance the employees needs through assorted treatments with them either through councils or accepted trade brotherhoods. They have assorted work forces from all walks of life which comprises of different accomplishments, civilizations, gender. These assorted work forces bring together and portion thoughts that help Shell Nigeria in its quest to acquire more clients and understand them better. They employ extremely skilled, qualified and experient workers and as a consequence of this, it offers great wage to its employers. Shell crude oil besides reward outstanding employees with assorted fillips like health care allowance, closet allowance, house allowance. Shell crude oil besides gives one-year foliages and its entitlements. They besides engage in maternity/paternity foliages and its entitlement. They besides have a retirement program for the aged and experient 1s who have served the company for many old ages. Assorted employees of Shell Nigeria who wish to foster their callings more than their current province are entirely supported by Shell Nigeria through assorted strategies like scholarship strategies. Shell Nigeria on its ain train its staff through assorted professional preparation and leading programmes. They do this to transfuse and implant leading and managerial values in their employees. Shell Nigeria as a company embarks on assorted beneficent undertakings merely to better the lives of the people in Nigeria. Such empowerment programmes include assorted Scholarship strategies, assorted inter-school competitions, and assorted football tourneies. They besides invest greatly in research and development. Shell is one of the largest investor in research and development and spends much on the geographic expedition and enlargement of engineerings that would take to the coevals of more and pure energy with adept merchandises for its clients. ( Shell.com, 2010 ) Since the construct of scheme is based upon a company accomplishing its ends and aims ( Tony Morden, 2007:184 ) , Shell Nigeria has a dedicated focal point to accomplish it by using the needed factors needed to accomplish these schemes through their dedicated Projects and Technology Section of their organisation that provides efficient services. By making this Shell Nigeria now has a strong presence in the Nigeria oil and gas industry thereby overmastering its major rivals like Agip, Conoil.Organizational ChangeChange direction means using steps and engineerings to cover with alterations in concern milieus and to gain from altering chances. The characteristics of alteration include accommodating to alter, commanding alteration, and set uping alteration. Change has become an indispensable issue and features of contemporary companies and as a consequence of this, it poses a scope of cardinal challenges for all kind of organisations, whether private, public or voluntary, ( Stephen Linst ead et Al, 2009:619 ) . Assorted factors like direction, policies and tendencies of the authoritiess, complex organisational construction of a company, competition and menaces from other companies, causes a company to alter and the people mostly responsible for alteration in an organisation are the directors of that organisation.The Gagliardi Model of alterationThe Gagliardi theoretical account of alteration was developed by Pasquale Gagliardi in 1986. The theoretical account describes that â€Å" the primary scheme of an organisation is the care of its cultural individuality in footings of predominating values. A virtuous circle from the corporate experience of success through stabilized values to coherence and efficiency sustains the continuity of civilization. But if the options allowed for by the civilization are unsuited to new jobs, so the virtuous circle becomes a barbarous circle hindering alteration. The consequence may be evident cultural alteration, cultural revolution or cultural incrementalism † , ( Gagliardi 1986 ) . For Shell, alteration started as the consequence of the figure of alterations embarked by the universe crude oil industry in the 20th century but as at that clip Shell did n't undergo any alteration because they had a stable direction construction, a construction without an bossy main executive officer. Gagliardi ( 1986 ) stated that if the options allowed for by the civilization are unsuited to new jobs, so the virtuous circle becomes a barbarous circle hindering alteration, the consequence could be an evident alteration in civilization, cultural revolution or civilization incrementalism but for Shell crude oil, it maintained its individuality in footings of predominating value that were in topographic point majorly from its rivals because its construction was stable. Shell began dawdling behind in footings of its fiscal statistics and because the fiscal statistics had characteristics of decreased fiscal public presentation and fake organisational construction, and because other com panies in the oil industry had carried out organisational alteration and began to boom, Shell set up an internal squad in July 1994 that would analyze its internal construction and the squad would in bend come up with programs on how to ship on a alteration that would be effectual and better and recover its strong trade name image. The motivation behind the demand for alteration in the company was the quest to hold a construction that would be easy for the corporate centre to exercise influence over the operating companies that would be effectual and besides the quest to better coordination between the operating companies. The squad embarked on its assignment and after much interview and sourcing of thoughts, the squad came up with assorted options for alteration by October 1994. They handed in a study to the Committee of Directors and spent yearss with the managers descrying out the objects of alteration. It was deliberated upon by the direction and an proclamation was passed to all employees in the company ‘s employ. The direction led by Cor Herkstroter, the president of the commission of managers in 1995 gave a address to Shell employees worldwide. He signified the kernel for alteration, outlined the chief facet of alteration and at the same clip told the employees to be ready for whatever alteration t hat would come. Gagliardi ‘s ( 1986 ) theoretical account makes leaders of organisations know how their companies would be affected culturally when they set up alteration thoughts in their organisations small wonder the commission for alteration was initiated. At the terminal, the organisational alteration affected most employees as many of them lost their occupations. As a consequence of this alteration, Shell now operate a straight-forward direction construction where effectual power and control is exerted by the corporate centre over the assorted operating companies and the coverage relationships would be easier to follow. When the alteration was done, many of its staff was trained to get by and understand the alteration that has been carried out since they were involved in it, this is portion of the company ‘s scheme which is â€Å" Shell operates an open-door policy with its employees † . Gagliardi ‘s ( 1986 ) alteration theoretical account explains the result of apparent, incremental, and radical alteration on cultural positions that exist in organisations. This alteration theoretical account that was implemented was to beef up and broaden the theory and values associated by the alteration enterprise, ( Latta 2009 ) .Organizational CultureOrganizational civilization is now an indispensable portion in the apprehension of assorted organisations. A connexion or bond exists between the civilization of an organisation and other constructs such as leading, power, and organisational construction, ( Stephen Linstead et Al, 2009:151 ) . In any alteration happening in any organisation, the effects on the person and group behaviour are the most important. There have been assorted definitions of organisational civilization by different bookmans but harmonizing to ( Schwartz and Davis 1981: 33 ) , â€Å" Culture is a form of beliefs and outlooks shared by the organisation ‘s members. The beliefs and outlooks produce norms that strongly shape the behaviour of single and groups in the organisation † . Change dwells at the bosom of leading. Organizational civilization is one of many situational variables that are really of import in doing the attempts of leaders successful when alteration enterprises are implemented, ( Latta 2009 ) . Shell ‘s civilization covers assorted facets which includes its Vision and Mission statements Valuess and aims Technology, merchandises and servicesVision and Mission StatementsVision and Mission statements are stated by most companies so that they would cognize what they want to accomplish and where they want to be in the nearest hereafter. It is a manner of doing a company look really effectual. Shell Nigeria mission statement is â€Å" toA enhance profitableness through advanced direction schemes while guaranting cost effectivity and tackling originative thoughts † while its vision statement is â€Å" to be the market leader and present the best value to our stakeholders. † Shell Nigeria has adequate trueness and dedication to its stakeholders besides holding its clients in head. They search out for more thoughts on how to be open uping in its pursuit for making energy.VALUES AND OBJECTIVESShell Nigeria ‘s values is â€Å" to put high criterions of public presentation and ethical behaviours while its aims is â€Å" to prosecute expeditiously, responsibly and productively in oil and its merchandises, and other selected concerns and to take part in the hunt for and development of other beginnings of energy to run into germinating client demands and the universe ‘s turning demand for energy † . As oil and gas can non be done without, as it is a major beginning of energy, Shell Nigeria ‘s exclusive value and aim is to beginning for oil and gas in the Niger delta part in ways that it would non impact the environment.Technology, PRODUCT AND SERVICEIt has been the civilization of Shell Nigeria and Shell in other locations of the universe to tackle engineering and supply better merchandises and services for its clients. More ways have been found on how to better harness and procedure energy. Shell Nigeria has assorted merchandises and services which include lubricators and natural gas which is used for mundane life.Power and PoliticssPower is needed in organisations because it is the major manner organisational ends can be achieved through assorted parts of thoughts. Therefore organisational political relations are activities used to derive and use power in organisations ( Martin and Fellenz, 2010: p518 ) Shell Petroleum had a powerful position after it was formed. The influence they had could non be matched because they had no ferocious rivals as at when it was created. They were even said to be one of the three most good known institutes. Shell Petroleum is alone in its construction and its twenty-four hours to twenty-four hours direction of its assorted groups is complex. The Committee of Managing Directors ( CMD ) had control over the group ; they were the 1s in charge of the personal businesss of the company. The Committee besides had its ain president which rotated between the President of the Royal Dutch Petroleum and the Chairman and Vice Chairman of Shell Transport and Trading. Shell operates a individual grade leading. The overall leading construction is chaired by a non executive president, Jorma Ollila while the executive direction is led by Chief Executive Officer, Peter Voser. These managers, presidents link with other presidents and managers of Shell all over the universe to do certain that Shell lives up to its name. They make certain the image is retained and besides do certain that more ways to beginning for energy are devised and harnessed. Shell began to construct a strong image and name for itself and became one of the largest crude oil companies in 1995. Shell crude oil drama a high degree of political relations and wield adequate power in the oil sector of Nigeria. The political civilization of Shell crude oil in Nigeria is one that has been ever criticized. The company was criticized for the portion it played in the sentencing of an militant, Ken Saro-Wiwa of the Ogoni land and of all time since the incident happened, they have gained more critics than friend both locally in Nigeria and Internationally. The policies of the Nigerian do non look to impact Shell Petroleum because in malice of the clarion call made by dissenters in the Niger delta part of Nigeria of the continued oil spillage caused by their Shell, it has fallen on deaf ears because the company has been seen as a major participant in the oil sector of Nigeria. Shell crude oil still flares gas in Nigeria, a policy the Nigerian authorities has abolished but because of the untouchable nature of Shell, the Nigerian authorities was forced to switch the deadline of gas flaring assorted times. Shell crude oil has been the major cause of civil agitation in the Niger delta due to the political influence they have on the Nigerian authorities. They have seized the lands of the people populating in the Niger delta and alternatively of the company developing the Niger delta part, they spill oil on it. The authorities does nil touchable to halt them because of the influence they have. The federal Government of Nigeria has failed to put tougher countenances for companies prosecuting in oil spillage. The regulations are being dead set whenever Shell crude oil wants to be affected. Hazard ANALYSIS AND MANAGEMENT Organizations do cognize that they may confront hazards at some certain times in their concern life and as a consequence of this they analyze their houses to understand what hazards would endanger their assets. They propose steps to forestall these hazards afterwards. Shell crude oil understands that they may in the future face hazards from altering conditions in economic, competitory, legal, political, finance and concern field which would hold consequence on their public presentation and as a consequence, they have analyzed this hazards and proposed safeguarded solutions to the hazards due to their accomplishment in detecting where their concern is most susceptible. The analyses include: Fluctuation in the monetary value of rough oil and oil merchandises The demand and supply of oil could be affected by assorted factors like natural catastrophes and political instability which would ensue in the fluctuating monetary values of rough oil and its merchandises. These fluctuations could impact the finance conditions of Shell Petroleum and could do long term undertakings in its upstream sector less profitable. This poses a possible hazard to the finance state of affairs of the company and as a consequence Shell Petroleum has moved to increase their oil militias so that in the nearer hereafter, if the hazard happens, they would non be affected. Competition Competition from other major participants in the Nigerian oil sector like Total, Agip are going a major menace to the being of Shell Petroleum. These competition forces are strong because the merchandises of Shell Petroleum are viing in trade good type markets which make other crude oil merchandises known. The ability of Shell Petroleum to achieve its set schemes depends on the company ‘s reaction to these competition forces. Shell Petroleum as a consequence of this has moved to pull off their disbursals through cost-effective budgets. Brand image and Company Reputation Shell Nigeria has mostly dominated the Nigerian oil sector since its creative activity through the acquisition of oil Wellss, larger oil militias, oil lands from the authorities. All these are the major assets of Shell Petroleum which constitutes their trade name image and the repute of their company. An eroding of this repute would hold an inauspicious reaction on the company ‘s operation and the entree to new assets. By placing this hazard, Shell has moved to guarantee rigorous conformity to the codification of behavior and rules of her concern by doing all CEOs of assorted Shell companies all over the universe guarantee that their employees are invariably being reminded of these regulations by subscribing the moralss signifier. Insecurity Assorted sensitive parts in Nigeria, most particularly the Niger Delta could expose the employees to hazards, accidents and even loss of life. Social unrest, natural catastrophes, offense, wellness of the employees, detonation all contribute to hazards that poses menaces to Shell Petroleum which could impact its operations negatively and convey a bad repute to its image. Shell crude oil identified this hazard and made sure that all employees who operate in these parts are made cognizant of the fact of working in these parts, they besides made certain that the employees are Health Safety Security and Environment ( HSSE ) certified. They besides made certain that they are good trained on what to make in the event of any natural and unnatural catastrophe. Reliable Information Technology The universe is turning into a planetary small town and it is the duty of companies to follow the tendency in the alteration in Information Technology. Shell Petroleum is cognizant that in the nearest hereafter, information engineering may neglect to present her services in an efficient mode due to reliance and resettlement of information engineering services. The company has moved to work out this job by puting more in Project and Technology section. More technological undertakings are being carried out in all parts where the company operates. This is to do certain that the company continues to present quality and improved services all the clip as invention and engineering are its major elements. Climate alteration Climate alteration like the emanation of nursery gases, the depletion of the ozone bed are hazards and concerns that could take to the hold of assorted undertakings. Shell Petroleum ‘s aim to be the major manufacturer of energy tantrum for human usage would take a downswing if clime alterations continue to impact it. As a consequence of this hazard, Shell Petroleum has found alternate ways of bring forthing energy from alternate beginnings by increasing the rates of its C dioxide strength and emanation rate. This is to do certain that the company does non worsen in the production of energy.

Introduction To Human Resource Management Essay

Introduction To Human Resource Management - Essay Example The world of work and organization has become increasingly demanding and turbulent. There are eight major challenges currently facing United Kingdom organizations. These are: globalization, migration of many companies to other economies, increasing revenue and decreasing costs, building organizational capability, change and transformation, implementing technology, attracting and developing human capital, and ensuring fundamental and long-lasting change. Thus, levels of competition among organizations have increased. In present period of the migration of many companies to other economies, the UK organizations can replicate technology, manufacturing processes, products, and strategy. On the other hand, personnel management practices and organization are difficult to reproduce, in this manner representing an exceptional competitive advantage. To be successful in the future, UK organizations will have to build organizational capability. Personnel management professionals and personnel ma nagement practices will be required to create value by increasing organizational competitiveness. Traditional views on competitive advantage have emphasized such barriers to entry a... More recent views have highlighted a different source of competitive advantage, a firm's human resources and behavior of employees at different levels of the corporate hierarchy. New demands facing UK organizations as a result of the migration of many companies to other economies, heightened competition, globalization, and technological advances have put a premium on creativity and innovation, speed and flexibility, as well as efficiency. The critical firm assets do not appear on a balance sheet but reside, instead, in behaviors of employees working at different levels of the corporate hierarchy and management systems. The role of company strategy, human resources, and personnel management in company performance is being rethought. Rather than seeing the personnel management function as a cost, a personnel management system that supports a company's strategy should be seen, instead, as an investment, a strategic lever for the organization in creating value. The 2000s witnessed a growth in research interest in examining the link between personnel management strategies and practices and UK companies' financial performances. In the past research studies have shown a strong positive relationship between the two, and this relationship has been observed in studies of one company, one industry, and multiple industries (Brown et al., 2003). Brown et al., (2003) have shown in three separate national surveys (over 2,400 companies) an economically and significant impact on several measures of company performance. They observed a link between changes in the sophistication of a company's personnel management architecture and dollar change in market value per employee, suggesting three stages of personnel management practices on company performance. How do UK organizations

DQWEEK8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

DQWEEK8 - Essay Example The software requirements process will give the developers the requirements that will be required of the system that will be developed. The developers will use the blueprint of the business requirements to come up with the system. It is an important process that will determine the outcome of the system. For any system to be accepted by the users, it will have to meet the requirements and the needs of these users (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Another important software process is that of software development. This is so because the avoidance of software bugs will help to eradicate the errors that will be met when using the software. The software development process should be undertaken using the right software tools and the right technologies. Without proper tools, there will be many deficiencies in terms of functionalities. When developing the software, the right and modern trends and technologies should be used. Technology is dynamic as it keeps changing. The right and current technology should be used. This will ensure that the resultant software product will be as recent and up to date as much as possible (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Software improvement is yet another important software process that is important in the software processes. This process is important as it enables the organization to have the latest capabilities from the software. It enables developers to integrate the latest technologies and patch holes that have been identified in the software. Even though the technologies that were used in the initial development of the software could be obsolete, this process of software improvement will enable the software to have the latest features and have had recent technologies integrated. It is, therefore, important to have this important process while developing the software (Tan & Ruighaver 2004). The key processes that are used in the course are six. The parts that re missing are the testing of the software. The ramification of the missing parts is that sof tware testing, if not done, will bring software which might be having deficiencies. This could bring errors in the business processes. Deploying a software product without testing will introduces bugs to the business process. If the bug affects financial procedures, then a lot of money will be lost in the business (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Another important process that has been missed is that of software analysis and design. This is an important which could bring errors if it is not undertaken. The software product that could be developed could meet the technical requirements but not in the way the users wanted it to be used. It is important to follow the needs of the users. The users will require that the software product follows the design that they anticipated. They might dismiss the whole system just because some function has not been designed in the way they wanted it to be (Tan & Ruighaver 2005). Another process that has not been mentioned is that maintenance and repair. If the software product is not well maintained, then there will be a lot of problems that will be met by users. It will bring a lot of problems to the software users. To improve the process, there will be the need to ensure that the requirements of the users are followed to the latter (Tan & Ruighaver 2004). Question 2 Timing issues are an important component that should be considered when implementing a real-time system. Timing will affect many processes in the whole business process if timing is not effectively undertaken.

The Criticisms of Scalon's Millan Principle Essay

The Criticisms of Scalon's Millan Principle - Essay Example The Millian principle on Liberty simply means that certain harms may have had no probability of occurring if, not for some expressed actions. However, once these harms occur, the perpetrators may not justify their actions by legally restricting the actions. These harms include; those that originate from certain acts of expression, which include deceiving the individuals into having false beliefs and acts of expressions, which lead people into acting in ways that may lead to harmful consequences, especially in situations where there is a correlation between the act of expression and the succeeding harmful consequences. This correlation simply includes a mere fact that the act of expression facilitated the agents’ belief or led them to believe that it would be worthy performing the acts. Scanlon defended this principle by illustrating that it was a consequence of a certain idea regarding limits of justifiable political authority. That the government’s legitimate powers ar e restricted to people that can be protected on incompatibility grounds, with the citizen’s authority Scanlon (1979, p. 529). However, Scanlon does not fully agree with this principle. In his criticism, Scanlon argues that the Millian principle aimed at ruling out censorship arguments to which Mill was responding. The principle did this by declaring that the harmful consequences appealed by this argument cannot count as prospective justification for lawful restrictions of expression. However, Scanlon argues that there are supplementary ways of arriving at policies that would seem incompatible with freedom of expression. Freedom of expression refers to the participant’s right not to be prohibited from expressing themselves Bosmajian (1988 p. 122). Scanlon argues that the principle obtains what seems to be an implausible consequence in certain instances. He says that it would be difficult to see how this principle squares laws against misleading advertising on television . In this respect, Scanlon articulates that probably the regulation policies violate the freedom of expression Scanlon (1979, p.534). However, if the policies are acceptable, then they could be paradigms of paternalism. In Scanlon’s view, if anyone could take the first clause of the Millian principle as a restriction set aside in instances where rational capacities are rigorously diminished, it would constitute a dismissal of paternalism. An adequate justification doctrine of paternalism must consider certain factors such as the value associated with the ability for an individual to make their own decisions, the costs of making these decisions and the risks associated with empowering the government to make decisions on people’s behalf. These factors are unique to every case, and may be applicable even in cases where there is no common loss of rational capabilities. However, Scanlon argues that the problems associated with the Millian principle are not only limited to j ustification of paternalism. The principle also protects the interests of important audiences. These interests include the interest of choosing their beliefs and reasons to act on their beliefs. These interests rely not only on the freedom of expression, but also on means of accessing information, education and other issues critical to decision making. Sometimes, supplementary information is

Chinas Consumption And Its National And International Consequences Case Study

Chinas Consumption And Its National And International Consequences - Case Study Example The overconsumption of energy and resources by China is a threat to the world as well as the Chinese society itself in many ways. This paper highlights some of the ways in which overconsumption of resources has had detrimental effects on the Chinese society as well as the world at large. On one hand, coal happens to be a fundamental reason of the economic growth of China; on the other hand, the consumption of coal has caused immense damage to the environment of China and the people of China at large. Today, at least 70 per cent of the energy needs of China are being met by coal. In the year 2006m China consumed about 2.4 billion tons of coal that was more than the combined consumption of three big countries of the world including America, Britain, and Japan. In the year 2000, China’s coal consumption was anticipated to double by the year 2020. One reason for the huge consumption in China is its inefficiency that reflects from this statement of a Chinese official; â€Å"TO PRO DUCE GOODS WORTH $10,000 WE NEED SEVEN TIMES THE RESOURCES USED BY JAPAN, ALMOST SIX TIMES THE RESOURCES USED BY THE U.S. AND--A PARTICULAR SOURCE OF EMBARRASSMENT--ALMOST THREE TIMES THE RESOURCES USED BY INDIA† (Elizabeth para. 7). ... E EMISSIONS, FALLS ON ONE-QUARTER OF CHINA'S TERRITORY AND ON ONE-THIRD OF ITS AGRICULTURAL LAND, DIMINISHING AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT AND ERODING BUILDINGS† (Elizabeth para. 8). Coal consumption in China is also a cause of water shortage. Coal mining and coal processing both require intensive use of water. Since most of the coal resources of China are found in its arid regions, the operations of coal mining in China often get into a competition with its agriculture and residents in their access to the water resources that have thus become scarce. â€Å"AS MINING ACTIVITIES OFTEN DRAW HEAVILY FROM GROUNDWATER SOURCES, THEY HAVE DEPLETED GROUNDWATER LEVELS IN MANY COAL DISTRICTS. THIS HAS DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS ON LOCAL FLORA AND FAUNA, ESPECIALLY DURING INCREASINGLY MORE FREQUENT PERIODS OF DROUGHT† (Tu and Johnson-Reiser 7). The water pool China has seriously dried and decayed as a result of the incompetent management of the resources. This has not only led to the loss of grain s but has also caused increase in the social disruption in different forms including protests and conflicts, thus thwarting contemporary China’s supreme socio-economic goal. Most of the programs of conservancy of water in China have failed. China has not only affected its own people and the countries all over the world with its massive consumption of coal, but is also responsible for the rise in food prices because of its high consumption needs of grains. â€Å"FOR THE PAST THREE YEARS, GLOBAL FOOD PRICES HAVE SOARED BY 80 PERCENT, AND THE MEDIA HIGHLIGHTS CHINA’S GROWING DEMAND FOR GRAIN TO FEED ITS LIVESTOCK AS A MAJOR REASON FOR THE CURRENT GLOBAL FOOD CRISIS† (Kim 232). The US and China account for 40 per cent of the emissions of greenhouse gas across the globe. Success or failure of the efforts

Remix cultutre, analysis Paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Remix cultutre, analysis - Research Paper Example se alarms to gain support for staying the course in Iraq.   The speech this morning was designed to once again lure Americans into the insidious and sinister Bushco Terror Trap.† ( TV newslies, 2005) Similarly, Anakin is given the task to protect the Republic from the invaders while at the same time gallantly establishing his love relationship with Queen Padme. In case of Bush and Rice, theirs is an intimate political relationship nurtured by the concept of war. Beautiful Natalie Portman plays Padme, a princess whose vote is crucial to the Republic. She has an enigmatic character and can potentially disrupt status quo given her powers. For this reason, she is compared to Condoleeza rice, the National Security Advisor of Bush, who has past powers since she is a brilliant and well-educated diplomat who developed the policy of â€Å" Transformational Diplomacy† as prescription to the problems of the Middle East ( U.S. Dept. of State, 2005). Rice was aggressive in maintaining diplomacy with countries besieged by conflict which is similar to the stance of Princess Padme. The poster also shows the clones as the main antagonist, when in fact it is really Anakin who harbors the real enemy within- Darth Vader. Ironically, Sadam Hussein is portrayed as the clone since all Iraqis and people of Middle East are clones of terrorists which is why there are subject to much scrutiny and suspicion. Such was the moral panic that disseminated during post 9/11. The original Star Wars poster did not state the Phantom Menace but the MAD poster introduced Osama Bin Laden as the Phantom Menace. The main reason for such is that Anakin would later become Darth Vader who becomes the real phantom menace. The face of Obi-Wan Kenobi, the swashbuckling mentor of Anakin is replaced with face of Donald Rumsfield. Rumsfield, is a seasoned politician and retired military strategist who have served Nixon, Ford, and even the old Bush. He is like Obi since his experience makes him a very

Response Scenario Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Response Scenario Paper - Essay Example It is in this regard that this paper aims to formulate and detail a response plan to immediately address a chemical spill. Given a scenario where a toxic chemical spill occurs in a manufacturing company at day time, exposing the day shift composed of more than 1,000 people, this essay would detail a response plan to address this incident and detail plans to prevent future occurrence. At day time when more than 1,000 personnel work at a manufacturing company, a toxic chemical spill suddenly occurs. According to Pollution Issues (2007), â€Å"one of the most common concerns over chemical accidents and hazardous materials spills is acute, or short-term, toxicity. Acutely toxic contaminants, such as cyanide and chlorine released from hazardous materials spills, pose an immediate threat to public health. For example, a chemical accident in which chlorine gas or cyanide gas is released would likely result in widespread deaths as the plume, or toxic cloud, moved through a populated area. Another class of toxicity is chronic, or long term. One of the most common types of chronic toxicity is exposure to carcinogens that may result in cancer twenty to thirty years after the time of the spill.† (par. 11) The immediate response to this scenario would determine the number of lives that would be saved. In this regard, the following should be the response plan: observe and assess the nature of the spill, stop or contain the spill (if it is safe to do so); call for assistance (if needed); and cleanup using appropriate means. As given in the scenario, it is a toxic chemical spill. By toxic, it means â€Å"a material containing hazardous contaminants above the maximum allowable safe concentration is toxic. Examples include used photo fixer (toxic for silver), some used dry cell batteries (toxic for mercury), sludges and sometimes liquid from water-based parts washers (toxic for lead, benzene, or both) and automotive

Nursing Dissertation to strengthen the Scientific Foundation

Nursing to strengthen the Scientific Foundation - Dissertation Example 4.2.1 Applications of Complexity Theory to Health Care Delivery 76 4.2.2 Advantages of Complexity Theory Conceptualization of Nursing Best Practice 77 4.2.3 Significance of Complexity Theory Conceptualization of Nursing Best Practice 79 4.2.4 Implications of Complexity Theory Conceptualization of Nursing Best Practice 79 4.3 Complexity Science as the Guiding Framework 81 4.4 Descriptive Overview of Conceptual Model of Nursing Best Practice 82 4.5 Proposed Definition of Key Concepts 82 4.6 Summary 88 Chapter V: Conclusion 89 5.1 Introduction 89 5.2 Findings of the Study 89 5.3 Implications for Nursing 92 5.4 Conclusion 92 Chapter I: Introduction to the Study 1.1 Introduction This introductory chapter provides a description of the research problem, as well as the rationale, purpose, framework, and the research questions that guided the study. 1.2 The Problem One of the goals of the discipline of nursing is to increase and strengthen the scientific foundation upon which to base clinical practice. The use of research evidence in practice is an accepted way to achieve this goal and in turn can improve nursing care, optimise patient outcomes, and decrease costs (Higgs, Bum, & Jones, 2001; Titler et al., 1994). However, while the requirement to remain current in knowledge and deliver efficient quality patient care has led to an enthusiastic interest in using research evidence in nursing, as a strategy for the fortification of the basis of the science of nursing, little is known about how evidence is actually translated into nursing practice. One strategy that has been suggested for increasing awareness and the use of evidence in nursing practice is revising and updating organisational policy and procedure manuals based on the... The results of this inquiry provide a new theoretical foundation for nursing practice that is qualitatively different from medicine. This research explains how nurses in practice help patients make transitions and move toward future possibilities by merging the art of nursing with the science of nursing. It further makes visible the experience of nurses and reflects on and claims this work as an essential part of professional practice. The study has the potential to challenge the assumptions that underlie nursing's approach to practice, education, theory and research in its challenge to the dominance of scientific over artistic approaches in the practice of nursing. In particular, this work challenges the analytical, problem focused basis of the nursing process and suggests instead that nurses promote transitions in a process akin to narrative structure in the way that assumes standpoints, makes interpretive leaps, brings events to a climax and recognizes closure. In conclusion, science has approached a better understanding of the universe by reducing phenomena into manageable component parts, and the hallmark of research rigor has been the degree to which confounding influences are isolated or controlled. Management strategies have been focused on finding the best way to achieve desirable performance and then exerting control over process and structure in order to maintain the desired organizational or system performance level. The conceptualization of nursing best practice as an emergent property of a complex adaptive healthcare system.

Canadian national identity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Canadian national identity - Essay Example According to public opinion polls, Canadians are proud of their diversity since it reflects the admirable qualities of caring, accepting, and tolerance. Canadians have developed a fairly intense complex about their national identity. Most Canadians share universal conceptions. The Canadian media has identified that 85 percent of Canadians identified their nation with typical behaviors and a typical accent language (Diakiw, 2011). There are numerous historical events that have shaped the current Canadian national identity. Some of the events include the participation of women in World War I, the creation of social welfare services and implementation of the third party system. Canadian political system has led to collective bargaining and equal rights for all workers (Diakiw, 2011). Immigration restrictions especially Asian immigrants and treatment of minority groups during the 20th century including residential schools, aboriginal issues and treaties led to emergency of shared values of tolerance and acceptance of diversity (Berdun & Montserrat, 2007). The Official Languages Act and Canadian role in international peacekeeping led to emergency of a culture of tolerance and caring attitudes among the nationals (Berdun & Montserrat, 2007). Canadians are proud of the cultural image. Canadian government has facilitated the strengthening of national identity and heritage. A unified and tolerant Canadian national ideology inspires many Canadian nationals. Canadian government has promoted cultural diversity and heritage through limiting the effect of foreign influence such an American influence. The official symbols such as the Flag of Canada was modified in order to align it with Canadian culture. Prominent symbols such as the loon, Canada goose, beaver and Canadian horse are some of the symbols that Canadian national identity with in the society (MacKey, 1999). The government has also changed the

Steps in a jury trial Essay Example for Free

Steps in a jury trial Essay A jury trial is a manifestation of democracy, wherein ordinary citizens have their cases heard and deliberated by people like themselves. A jury trial, based on the idea of an impartial jury, can serve justice, because they are mandated to deliberate on the facts of the case alone. This paper analyzes the steps in a jury trial, including the constitutional trial rights that are enacted during a jury trial. The jury trial rights are expressed in the U.S. Constitution in three ways: the grand jury, the criminal jury, and the civil jury. The Fifth Amendment provides the right to a grand jury: â€Å"No person shall be held to answer for a capital, or otherwise infamous crime, unless on a presentment or indictment of a Grand Jury†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Sixth Amendment states the importance of an â€Å"impartial† and fair jury to criminal proceedings: â€Å"In all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury of the State and district†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Seventh Amendment asserts the right of the people to a civil jury: â€Å"In Suits at common law, where the value in controversy shall exceed twenty dollars, the right of trial by jury shall be preserved†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This paper proceeds to the steps in a jury trial. The first step is the selection of a jury. The trial court judge mails a request to a panel of prospective jurors to attend the jury assembly room for the purposes of the jury selection process (Judicial Council of California [JCC], 2010). After the arrival of the jurors, the judge and lawyers ask the jurors questions for the purpose of assessing, whether the jurors are free of bias, or prejudice, or anything that might obstruct with their ability to be fair and impartial, in a process called voir dire. It is important to find a fair and impartial jury, which the Sixth Amendment asserts. The Fifth Amendment also stresses that the accused in a criminal case has a right to a trial by a fair and impartial jury.In essence, the right to jury trial guarantees to the criminally accused a fair trial by a panel of impartial, indifferent jurors.[1] The law permits the judge and the lawyers to â€Å"excuse† some jurors from service for diverse reasons (JCC, 2010).   Ã‚  Ã‚  If a lawyer seeks to have a juror excused, he or she must use a challenge to excuse the juror (JCC, 2010).   Ã‚  There are two kinds of challenges: for cause or peremptory. Under a for cause challenge, the law provides several reasons that jurors may be excused â€Å"for cause† (JCC, 2010). For example, a juror who is related to one of the parties in the case may be excused for cause. There is no limit to the number of for cause challenges. As for a peremptory challenge, this is a challenge given without the need to provide a reason. The law provides only 10 peremptory challenges in criminal cases and 6 in civil cases (Code of Civil Procedure sec. 231 as cited in JCC, 2010). The procedure of questioning and excusing jurors will continue, until 12 persons are chosen as the jurors for the trial (JCC, 2010). The second step is the trial itself. There are three main duties of the juror: 1) Jurors should not speak to others about the case, especially the lawyers and parties from either side, and even with their family and friends. It is important to avoid being influenced by other people who have not heard the whole facts of the case; 2) Jurors should not make a conclusion about the case without hearing all the facts.   Jurors should only discuss their opinions with fellow jurors and it is their duty to deliberate the facts of the case; 3) Jurors should not conduct a personal investigation of the case (JCC, 2010). If they have questions about the evidence, they should ask the bailiff about it, and he/she will make further decisions (JCC, 2010). During the trial, the jurors will listen to the opening statements of the lawyers (JCC, 2010).   Ã‚  The lawyer for the plaintiff in a civil case or the prosecutor in a criminal case may make an opening statement which expresses their viewpoints about the evidence (JCC, 2010).   Ã‚  The defendants lawyer may also provide an opening statement after the plaintiffs attorney (JCC, 2010).   Afterwards, the lawyers will present the evidence, in forms of written documents or objects, which will all be called as Exhibits (JCC, 2010).   After the presentation of the evidence, the lawyers will present their closing arguments (JCC, 2010). A critical part of the jury trial is the deliberation. After a trial, the jury proceeds to an assigned private room to discuss evidence and testimony, so that it can reach a verdict. Jurors also have a duty to select a foreperson. The jury should select a competent foreperson. The forepersons responsibility is to see that discussion is facilitated in an organized manner, all issues are completely and freely deliberated, and all jurors are allowed to freely participate in the discussions (JCC, 2010). The final stage in a jury trial is the verdict. All jurors should discuss and vote on each issue of the case. In a civil case, the judge will inform the jurors how many of them must agree in order to reach a verdict. In a criminal case, the unanimous agreement of all 12 jurors is compulsory (JCC, 2010).[2] People have a right to a jury trial, wherein the jury is impartial and fair. The Constitution provides for this right, as well as the rights of the jurors to have an open and complete deliberation on the facts of the case. The jurors, thus, must be aware of their rights and duties. Being a juror means that they are expected to be people of integrity and to seriously pursue their duties. For in every verdict they provide, lay the fate of fair and truthful convictions. References Dennis v. United States, 339 U.S. 162, 171-172, 94 L.Ed. 734, 742, 70 S. Ct. 519 (1950). Fifth Amendment.(no date). U.S. Constitution. Retrieved May 31, 2010 from   http://www.gpoaccess.gov/constitution/pdf2002/023.pdf Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 722, 6 L.Ed. 2d 751, 755, 81 S. Ct. 1639 (1961). Judicial Council of California (JCC). (2010). Trial process: Three main steps of a jury trial. Retrieved May 31, 2010 from http://www.courtinfo.ca.gov/jury/process.htm Seventh Amendment. (no date). U.S. Constitution. Retrieved May 31, 2010 from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment07/ Sixth Amendment. (no date). U.S. Constitution. Retrieved May 31, 2010 from http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/data/constitution/amendment06/ United States District Court . (no date). The Eastern District of North Carolina, New Bern Division. [1] See Irvin v. Dowd, 366 U.S. 717, 722, 6 L.Ed. 2d 751, 755, 81 S. Ct. 1639 (1961). [2] What happens when there is no verdict? â€Å"If a jury cannot arrive at a verdict within a reasonable time and indicates to the judge that there is no possibility that they can reach a verdict, the judge, in his or her discretion, may dismiss the jury. This situation is a mistrial, sometimes referred to as a hung jury, and may mean the case goes to trial again with a new jury† (JCC, 2010).

A Hostel Management System

A Hostel Management System Introduction INTI International University (IIU) is a private university located in Putra Nilai, Negeri Sembilan, Malaysia. It was previously known as INTI University College. INTI has grown monumentally over the years until 31 May 2010 when the Higher Education Ministry announced it has became the university status. (Wikipedia, 2010) In 1986, INTI opened its first college at Bangunan Sim Lim brickfields, Kuala Lumpur. It starts with only 37 students on it first enrollment. In 1989 the College was re-located to Jalan Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur. As the number of students continued rising, the INTI established a permanent campus in Subang jaya (INTI College Subang Jaya) and more campuses began built in Kuching, Sarawak, Kota Kinabalu and then Sabah. The main campus (INTI UNIVESITY COLLEGE) was completed 1998 in Putra Nilai. INTI has a total 9 campuses in Malaysia. INTI became part of Laureate International Universities (LIU) network in 2008 becoming the first Malaysian University to be chosen by the Laureate International Education Group. (New INTI, 2009) Nowadays, with the emergence of global economy and transformation of industrial economies, the information system and information technology become important within the business sector as the world keep changing with fast developed technology. Information technology and internet-based information systems are playing vital and expanding roles in business. IS can help all kinds of businesses improve the efficiency and effectively of their daily work and workplace collaboration. Information system and information technology are quite a necessary ingredient for business success in todays dynamic global environment. Besides, information system and information technology also applied by the education industry to conduct more of their work electronically. There is a need for the education institutions to apply the information system and information technology in their daily work to improve the workflows and reduce workloads. So, we would like to conduct a research of INTI International University Literature Review Hostel Management System As the topic mentions above Hostel Management System is software that is developed to help in managing various activities in the hostel. As is well-known, the education institutions are rapidly increasing for the past few years. Therefore, it leads to mushrooming of hostels for the accommodation of the students study in these institutions. And hence there is the appearance of Hostel Management System which helps with dealing the problem of managing hostel and avoid the problem when do it manually. (Muhammed Shaheer .K.A, Muhammed Shiras.A, Vinod Raj. R, Prasobh.G.V, April, 2009) Hostel management by manual way is tedious process, since it involves work load and time consumption. In this system, we can easily manage the hostel details, room details, student records, mess expenditure, mess bill calculation, easy way of room allocation and hostel attendance. Thus, there are a lot of repetition can be easily evaded which has reduced the data redundancy. (M. Deepika, A. Chitra, 2010) Reports in regard to the Room Availability, Room Allocation, Student Transfer and Evacuation are provided too. Functional Feature: Creation of Building and Block information. Provision of various room types (Single / Twin/Single with Air-con Room/Twin with Air-con Room). Room allotment to the student. Student checks in and check out. Monitoring Visitors and Guest register. Transfer of rooms. Room evacuation. (Hostel Management System, 2006) The Administrator can: 1. Allot different students to the different hostels. 2. Vacate the students for the hostels. 3. Control the status of the fee payment. 4. Edit the details of the students modify the student records. 1) Allotment of the hostels The officer must checks the certified application forms of the students obtained and verify it with the student database. If the students are found eligible then they are allotted to the hostel. 2) Vacating the room As the students course is over they will vacate their rooms. So it is required for the administrator to remove their records from the database tables. This part includes the option for the room vacation and the deletion of the particular record from the database. 3) Control status of fee payment As the students every semester need to make rent payment. So, the officer needs to process it and print out the invoice for students to pay rental in finance office. 4) Edit the details of students and modify the student records As the new student moves into hostel, the officer need edit the details of students and modifies the student records to make sure the data is updated. (Muhammed Shaheer .K.A, Muhammed Shiras.A, Vinod Raj. R, Prasobh.G.V, April, 2009) We can improve the efficiency of the system, thus overcome the drawbacks of Less human error Strength and strain of manual labor can be reduced Reduce data redundancy High security Data consistency Easy to handle Easy data updating Easy record keeping Backup data can be easily generated Figure 1: General functions of the Hostel Management System (HMS) (Hostel Management System, 2009) Library Management System Library Management System is an enterprise resource planning system for a library, used to track items owned, orders made, bills paid, and patrons who have borrowed. A library Management System has a relational database, software to support the database, and two graphical user interfaces. The system separate software functions into discrete programs which call modules. Example like: Acquisitions ordering, receiving, and invoicing material Cataloging classifying and indexing material Circulation lending materials to patrons and receiving them back Serials tracking magazine and newspaper holding OPAC public interface for users (Wikipedia,2010) Library Management System is small footprint software suitable for personal or individual libraries. It provides many functions to the users the control the flow of the library. Such as : Control the movement of books and other material and avoid loosing the same. Search if you have a specific book in your collection based on the title, author etc. Print the spine labels for the book. Find what a specific person has borrowed from you (Azhar Hussain, 2009) By development of the Library Management System help the librarians to manage the library well. It record clearly the transactions of the books daily of the library. These make the insurance of the book become higher. It is not easier to happen lost of books in the library anymore. E-library is also a part of the Library Management System. E-library system is a type of service which allows the users without stepping into the library, to read the books and conduct research at home, in the office, or at school, using the Internet. Service which enables users to effectively employ electronic data by using an in-library network .This is a new library service that applies rapidly advancing data processing technology and networking technology, and it is expected to become a highly convenient, epoch-making mode of service. (National Diet Library, 2010) E-library performs well. It features such as: Member features Search system which allows the users to search the book by typing the key words or author of the book. Book features Category management which allows librarians to add, modify, and remove categories form library resources database. Book borrow Return Check in features Booking management which allows the users to reserve library resources item. Report features Book borrow / return Analysis Report which view information about the real time analysis report. Miscellaneous Site Information which provide a simple site map and let people easy to access. (E-library system,2008) By the development of the E-library system, it provides both convenience between users and librarians. Users can check the book online by not stepping into the library. Users can also booking the book online. These save the time for the users. For librarians, it is easy to manage the category of the book and control the movement of the books. It brings the librarians an easy work. Figures 2 General function of the Library Management System (Library Management System, 2009) Analysis of the Company INTI International University Accommodation Office System: Hostel Management System (HMS) University background, history nature of business INTI International University (IIU) is an education institution that has been rapidly improving for the past few years. As the fast increasing student numbers, therefore, to accommodate part of the students studying in the institution, the INTI International University has had to build up more hostels in the campus. INTI International University, Nilai campus got 16 Halls of Residence named after great men who have contributed to the well-being of mankind. All these hostels at present are manage by the accommodation office. Internet connection, Wi-Fi, Resident Fellow, security, facilities and convenient stores are some of the facilities provided for the convenient of the students. Coin-operated washing machines and dryers are also available is every hall of residents. The INTI hostels have provided many kinds of room such as Single, Twin-sharing, Single with air-con and Twin with air-con. (New INTI, 2009) As is well known, the education institutions are rapidly increasing for the past few years. Therefore, it leads to mushrooming of hostels for the residence of the students who study in these institutions. As the world keep changing with the fast developed information system and information technology, there is a need for the education institutions to apply the information system and information technology in their daily work to improve the workflows and reduce workloads. Hence, there is system appears in managing hostels to avoid the problem when do it manually. System Development The Accommodation Office currently uses the system which is called Hostel Management System (HMS). This system is software that is being developed to help officers who work in accommodation office in managing various kinds of activities in the hostels. Hostel Management System (HMS) is one of the modules of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). Unlike the Integrated Library Management Utility (ILMU), HMS is only a module. ILMU is a unique system that management the whole library which is same as the TCMS. TCMS is comprehensive workflow management systems that integrate and manage all key function of work progress. It increases the productivity with real time communication between the front office, administrators, and management. It consist reporting, accounting, financing, examination grade, etc. Hostel Module Hostel management module has features of efficiently and effectively managing the entire residential facility in the institute. It has reducing the staff paper works and improved workflows. This hostel module will keep the updated records of students, lodging, transfer room and other facilities. Hostel Management System (HMS) is a system which helps in managing various activities in the hostel. According to Miss Azlinda Binti Alias (Officer Accommodation Office), the previous system used in INTI is called Room Master. The older systems (Room Master) only perform three single functions for the hostel. That is check-out, check-in and booking. It didnt help the staff very much in the hostel. Many works that also need to do manually by the staff. It required more strength and strain of manual labor needed. For example, the staffs need to go to the finance office to get the list of students who enroll for the semester in order to do the check-in for them. It is because of lacking of data-sharing and availability between finance office and accommodation office. In the previous system, staffs in accommodation office need to record all kind of transactions and processes manually which involves more man power. There are many paper works and duplicate task in data entry. It is difficu lt to handle and store the data. Besides, there is also difficult to update the data while there is always got students move in and move out every semester. With the help of computerized information system, it can reduce the human errors. With the new system, it brings many conveniences to the staff. Thus, it has improving their efficiency and productivity in works. As the mention in above, Hostel Management System (HMS) is a sub module of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). TCMS has improved communication and data-sharing between the departments in a collaborative environment. There is a link between HMS and TCMS which enable the staff in Accommodation office can access the information needed from the finance office. Yet, TCMS also control the access to data and information based on user roles which means that there is a control over information each user can view or edit. Staffs do not need like before do their work manually. Hostel Management System has helped the accommodation office in saving the human resource as compared to the previous system (Room Master). All the edited information or updated information will show in the HMS immediately. HMS has provides the best service to the accommodation office in managing daily workflows. Through the implementation of Hostel Management System, it has replacing manual system where it able the staff to complete the work more efficient and effectively. The system has helped in managing any problem occurring within the hostel accommodation and avoiding any problem when keying in the detail manually. Therefore, through the usage of this system, they can easily manage the room details, student records, room vacancy details, mess bill calculation, mess expenditure, allocation of room and hostel attendances. Besides, repetition can be easily avoided. It also has reduced that data redundancy and any inconsistency of data. The accommodation office uses Hostel Management System to key in all the details of the students who are staying in the hostels. This system is mainly used to do room bookings, check in and check out of the students and also the payment for the accommodation. Reports in regard to the room allocation, room availability, student transfer and evacuation are provided too. System Functions: Hostel Management System (HMS) has several functions which enable the staffs from accommodation office such as allocate students to the different hostels, reserve the room for the students, control status of rental payment and edit the details of the students modify the student records. Allocating students to the hostels The officers must check the details in an application form of the students and verify it from database to match the application of students. Therefore, when the students are eligible then they are allocated to the hostel. The officers will also allocate the room according the requirements of the students as there are different types of rooms are available. Vacating the room As the students have completed their course In INTI, they will be graduated and vacant their rooms. When the students vacant their room, the officer needs to check whether the room facilities have missing or broken down. If all facilities are completed, accommodation office will return the deposits to the students. Thus, the officers in accommodation office will have to remove the particular student details and records from the student database. This is to ensure there will not be the problem exists when the existing residents records coincide with previous residents. Control status of rental payment Every student who stays in the hostel has to make a rental payment every semester. The rental payment varies by the types of room available. As the students who need to book the rooms every semester, they need to pass up a form and get the invoice from the accommodation office. The officers need to key in details of the students as well as type of room that the student want, the system will eventually know how much the students has to pay for that particular semester for their chosen room. Lastly, the officer needs to process it and print out the invoice for the students to make their payments at the Finance Office. There is a link between the system of Finance Office and Hostel Management System. Besides, officers are also able to check any outstanding payments which have not been made by the students through the processing of the system. Editing the details of the student and modifying the students records As there are new students move into the hostels, they need to register themselves as a residents of the hostels. The officers need to key in the details of the new students who want to move in into the database. Therefore, the officers have to edit the details of the students and modify the student records to ensure the data is updated. Besides, this system also enable staffs of accommodation office to check whether the student have done their room booking or rental payments, it can also check whether if the students are staying in the hostels or not, and it can retrieve records of where the students have stayed before. Maintenance Maintenance of the Hostel Management System (HMS) will only do when the system facing the problem. The systems no need to have a check annually or quarterly. According to the officer of the Accommodation Office Azlinda Binti Alias, she says the system is not facing any serious problem until now. Regardless to the update, the system will have update when the Hostel Management System (HMS) doesnt meet the requirement of the Total Campus Management System (TCMS). In this point, Information System Office (INSO) Information Technology Centre (INTC) which is from the INTI International University departments will handle this update. The staff of the Accommodation Office only is the end user of the system. They dun know about the technical problem of the system. The entire problem will pass to INSO INTC to handle. Problem that Hostel Management System(HMS) having Future Plan There is a problem that Hostel Management System (HMS) is having. From the interview, we know that when the Total Campus Management System (TCMS) is giving a huge amount of staff is using, HMS will be affected. Example like, when the TCMS is jamming because of many people is using its, HMS cant send or received the information from the TCMS. The staffs have to wait the TCMS recover only they can do their works. Future plan of the Accommodation Office is to create an E-service for the residents of the hostel. The E-services will provide residents an on-line booking room functions. Residents do not need like before do their room booking manually. But due to some problem they are considering, the panning is still waiting to approve. The problem they are considering have many, one of them is they are considering that now a day residents computer skill is very good. They finding a good security for the E-services to provide the system will be hack by the residents. INTI International University Library System: Integrated Management System Utility (ILMU) University background, history nature of business Tan Sri Abdul Majid Library was established in April 1998 with the opening of the INTI International University, Nilai campus. It has grown and developed over the years and now is located at the universitys new wing known as the Learning Resource Center. The Library serves a growing academic community, at present some of 6,000 members, who are mainly staff and students of INTI International University. The Library currently has a collection of approximately 90,000 items comprising of materials in various formats such as monographs, serials and multimedia. The INTI International University Library, standing as the heart of the campus, will continue to develop into a dynamic resource center by providing the intellectual needs for its academic community. (TSAM Library, 2009) Libraries have traditionally played a role of physical store or housing print materials. The accessibility of the web has seen shift the position of library. Records describing local print materials now sit side by side with records providing links to external web resources. Nowadays, the world keep changing with fast developed technologies, people are more easily to access information online. The scope of what a library system describes has broadened in a way with exceeding the expectations of its digitally-literate end-users. Libraries are constrained in the amount of investment they can make on new systems. The role and function of the library are changing and developing, especially in relation to the provision for collection and circulation, resource discovery, ownership and control, and access to resources. Enhancing usability and accessibility for an increasingly diverse user community is important for library. It demonstrates clearly that how the growth of system developments to deal with the changes of electronic information and its impact on information. System Development The INTI library currently uses the system that is calling Integrated Library Management Utility (ILMU). This system helps library in managing daily operation that has reduced librarians daily workloads. Before applying ILMU, all works and processes were done by manually which is wasting times and resources. According to Puan Hafsah Zainuddin( Chief Library), during that time, INTI is small institution, the capital is no enough, people who work in library had to record purchasing, collection, borrowing, returning matter by manually and key into system which is wasting time and inconveniently. It causes the problem of when managing data which is massive as u can image with thousands collection which need to be done manually. There is also causing the existence of human error which we cannot avoid but we also cannot say that with the use of system this problem can be solved. There is why library investing in Integrated Library Management System Utility (ILMU) which has helped in reducing workflow and improve efficiency and providing convenience to both librarians and users of it. It record clearly the transactions of the books daily of the library. The Integrated Library Management Utility (ILMU) is a kind of Library Management System with the characteristic of having a relational database, software to support the database, and two graphical user interfaces. Its key value to library is its ability to offer a catalogue and to manage workflows. It is also seen as the most cost effective way to handle infrastructure tasks such as acquisitions, cataloguing and circulation. ILMU have developed in association to technical advances and user requirements, mainly in developing electronic interfaces, refining standards and access protocols, purchasing and acquisition processes and cataloguing systems. System Functions The system separate software functions into discrete programs which call modules like Circulation Module, Cataloguing Module, Acquisitions Module, Serials Module and Reporting Module. Circulation The Circulation Module enables the library in controlling inventory, managing patron information, payments, and circulation transactions (borrowing and returning). The module has a feature that user-friendly structure that includes customizable menus and mnemonic keys for quick access to frequently used functions. Cataloguing The Cataloguing Module has a feature that a graphical text editor, classifying and indexing material, bibliographic file management en powerful tools to handle bibliographic descriptions. In the modules data dictionary, the library can also define other formats in order to provide access to multiple databases. Acquisitions The Acquisitions Module enables the library to fully manage the ordering process with completely integrated with the other V-smart modules. The Acquisitions Module has a characteristic of broad fund management and control functionalities, flexible print options, multiple order types, receiving and invoicing materials. Serials The Serials Module is linked directly to the Acquisitions Module for the library to manage all financial aspects of serials orders and subscriptions (journals, newspapers, bulletin and magazine). The Serials Module is use to monitor monthly transactions- the flow of journals, payments and record. Yet, there is a little of serials in library because of the availability of journals online that can help INTI library to save the cost of buying it. Reporting The Reporting Module can generate the standard reports and flexible output options. The library can directly obtain system information such as collection details and financial data. The reports such like number of hold placed, number of hold filled, bibliographic records with holds, items-level holds, missing items, the volume of material in a given library at any point in time, based on new acquisitions, items on the shelf, and items out in circulation, with the ability to break down volume in categories. E-Services Support Systems E-Services Support Systems provides users check and access information about the collection themselves easily and conveniently with electronic information environment .via the Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) also available in the library for users to search for any library items on the shelves which has reduced the work of librarians that have to deal with the inquiries of books by students. Renewal and reservation can be made online through OPAC/Web OPAC and at the circulation counter. Diagram shows that the module of the Integrated Library Utility System (ILMU) . INTI University Library follows the Library of Congress system of Classification. The classification is as follows: Class Letter Main Class A General Works B Philosophy, Religion, Psychology C Auxiliary Sciences of History D History (General) and History of Europe EF History: America G Geography, Anthropology, Recreation H Social Sciences J Political Sciences K Law L Education M Music and Books on Music N Fine Arts P Language and Literature Q Science R Medicine S Agriculture T Technology U Military Science V Naval science Z Bibliography, Library Science, Information Resources (General) Maintainence of The System The maintainence of the library system will do every quartery a year. The maintanence of the system can devided to three stages : 1st stages- Under this stages, the librarians will fixed the system theirselves. They will check the system performance and solve the problem when it happen system error. 2nd stages- At this stages, the problems cant solve by the librarians. They will contact to the company, and the staff of the company will give instuctions to the librarians to solve the problems. 3rd stages- In this stages, the may have a serious problems occur by the system. The staff of the company will come to INTI library and solve the problems. Besides that, the library system also need to updated. The company will help the INTI library update the system. All updated data are free in charge. With the system updated, the company also provide a traning program to the librarians in order to learn how to use the updated system. They will anually send a schedule to the INTI library to inform they when to go for the training. Beside update, the company will also introduce some new module to INTI library. Then the chief of the library will make a decission wheter to buy the module or not. During the interview, the chief have mention that she trying to adopt a new module to the library. The new module functions self-service borrow book. Student can borrow the book through the system without go to the counter. The destination is to reduce the staff worker in the library to reduce the cost. E-library E-library system is the most current system that INTI library is using. The system is only allows in the campus. If the student use this system in their home or outside this campus, they will not able to sign in this pages. The aim is to prevent the public hack into the system. There are no securities in this system. Anyone from outside who get the account of the INTI student would able to log in to the system and borrow the book.The system provide many function which it is all link to the Integrated Library Management Utility system ( ILMU). The development of e-library system bring convience to both the student and librarians. The function of the system is to allow student to check the information of the book that they want. The system link through to the ILMU and will tell them the status of the book that student want to borrow. Student no need waste the time go to the library. It saves a lot of time. Student can also reserve the book that they want to borrow. When student reserve the book. The ILMU system will record the student account and the book that student want to borrow. This will help the e-library to renew the status of the book in the library. Librarians can also post the note on the e-library to inform student that some new books are coming out. Student can through the system to know what new book that they are interest in. Besides that, the librarian will also use the e-mail services to send the list of new book to the students who are seldom check the e-mail. These let the student always updated with the book of the library. However in order to use this system, student has to sign up an account. The sign up fees is RM100. If student forget the password, student can send the e-mail to the e-library system. The librarians who control the system will reset the password of the account and send new password to the student through e-mail or sms.