A Reaction on Aliens’ Ownership Right of Real Property in the Philippines Essay Example for Free

A reception on Aliens Ownership Right of Real Property in the Philippines EssayA Re playion on Aliens Ownership Right of Real Property in the PhilippinesAng Pilipinas ay para sa mga Pilipino. (The Philippines is for the Filipinos)Does it sound patriotic or nationalistic? Or does it pertain to selfish motives or mercenary actions?It is a fact that many aliens have been invading to the Philippines. Yes, they be aliens the non-Philippine nationals or foreigners. Most of them are fascinated and attracted to the beautiful sceneries around the Philippine archipelago. Others in any case pursue their business careers in the country, they are the investors, and the business oriented people who wish to put up their capitals and trade whether in a form of furbish up proprietorship, partnership or corporation. The aliens are granted the right to acquire a land or real property (immovable property) provided that they will consider the provisions down the stairs the Philippine Anti-Dummy Law the limitations on certain economic activity including the enjoyment of rights. In line with the Condominium Act of the Philippines, Republic Act 4726, the aliens are granted the right to completely own a condominium unit but when it comes to project, the corporation must be composed of only 40%foreign investors. On the other hand, under the Investors Lease Act of the Philippines, foreign nationals or corporation may enter into lease agreement with Filipino landowners for an initial spot of fifty years and a renewable extension of 25 years.As we try to comprehend to the law, it is really pro-Filipino. We noticed that the there are only 40% foreign investors or the stockholders and the 60% come from Filipinos. Its also obvious that the aliens are prohibited to completely possess lands which are really in unity to Article XII, Section 7 of the Philippine Constitution.Talking about the 40% foreign capitalists and investors, the Philippinegovernment stern gain taxes from them wh ich in turn terminate be used to accommodate common good for the Filipinos.The issue on Priority Development Assistance Fund (PDAF) or prominently called pork lay barges in. That huge amount of money came from the taxpayers, both the Philippine nationals and non-Philippine nationals. But due to institutionalized corruption, the money which is intended for the people in the society are cosmos stole by some of the national officials. This is another dilemma that the Philippine government should take into consideration and action.Back to the issue on aliens, the mediocre are skeptical whether the foreigners are given the right to fully own resources in the country or not. This is to clarify that they are not given the full place they are just given the opportunity to get into the business world which in turn both the aliens the Filipinos can gain something. It does not mean that though they have been advancing to the country, they steal whats ours. There are laws for them to follow , thus, theres no way for us to worry.The law has been already promulgated. All we can do is to deal with it, just no racial deviation, just focus for the common good of all Filipinos.The aliens are striving for their benefits, the same way should we act for ourselves. Lets do our part and adhere to our virtues as we keep burning the Filipino spirit

Emerging Trends in E-Commerce Essay Example for Free

Emerging Trends in E-Commerce Essay1. Micro-payments Among the most revolutionary changes in the coming monthsnot yearsis the use of micro-payment systems from a variety of fiscal firms, e.g., Paypal, Visa, WesternUnion, among others, including banks. This trend is help oneselfd by the W3C working group that approved these protocols and technical standards for the interworking. These systems ordain change not only how we carry silver but how we value money and think about purchases. (Consider how a purchase of $4.99 feels in a mobile app store vs. at Dunkin Donuts.) Payment systems that make it easier to vitiate online, coupled with mobile technologies will accelerate the usage of global e-commerce applications.2. Mobile technologies More people access the Internet on their mobile devices than on any other device. We are chop-chop approaching the time (if we are not already there) where designs must be created for the mobile Web first, and for the desktop second. Mobile t echnologies facilitate comparison shopping with the approaching of barcode reader apps and price-comparison databases, a consumer could snap a bar code in Walmart and quickly reference product reviews and prices on walmart.com (or compare prices with Walmart competitors). Mobile technologies also facilitate impulse buys especially with the advent of micro-payments tied to the mobile device. Just recently, Starbucks customers can not only place an order with their Smartphone, but also make a purchase.3. Social media As Facebook has become the most visited site on the Web, the role of social media, including Facebook and its local clones such as Twitter, is progressively important. Social media sites increasingly turn of events as points of entry to e-commerce sites, and vice versa, as e-commerce sites build rating, loyalty and referral systems tied to social media. Group buying (e.g., Groupon) is also gaining mainstream ground, with many deal of the day sites competing for an in creasingly savvy consumer base, but improvements lie ahead as the social aspects and user experience are refined.4. Fulfillment options I believe that users will hope to redeem multiple fulfillments and return options when interacting with a vendor ship to address, courier, pick-up in store, return to store, etc. Having many fulfillment options is how customers view their overall customer experience. Some companies lease made a business proposition online by being exceptional in service to the online channel (e.g., Zappos).5. Global availability Increasingly, consumers want the availability to buy products from foreign sites and have them delivered locally. Thus, currency and customs will be of growing concern to many online retailers. Along with this, there will be concerns with local hiding laws and restrictions on related data collection and storage.6. Localization While the trend is to globalize, whats often more important is to localize. User Centrics look clearly shows that sites that feel local with proper imagery, language, time/date, weights/measures, currency, etc. resonate far more than sites that seem culturally distant or sterile.7. Customizability Consumers want control, and want to be able to design the details of the items they purchase.8. Time-based availability Some of the hottest and most successful sites are those that have a time-critical response component. Sites like Groupon, Gilt and others profit on the perception of limited-time availability. Creating a sense of urgency drives traffic and purchase behavior.

OLAP Multidimensional Database Concept

OLAP Multidimensional informationbase opinionCHAPTER 2LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 INTRODUCTIONThis chapter is designed to provide background information and reviewing the characteristics of information store, OLAP 4-dimensional entropybase Concept, info tap instance and the application of information mining. Within this research, the concept, design and implementation approaches in developing a complete entropy w arho white plague engine room theoretical account for deploying a supremacyful model with the integration of OLAP Multidimensional Database and selective information mining model. voice 2.2 discussed about the fundamental of selective information w atomic number 18house, entropy w arhouse model and likewise the Extract, Transform and Loading (ETL) of raw informationbase to selective information storage store. It includes research and study on existing data w arehouse models authored by William Inmon, Ralph Kimb in every last(predicate) and non-homogeneous scholars venturing into data storage store models. Section 2.3 introduces background information of OLAP. It includes the studies and research on various OLAP models, OLAP computer architecture and concept on handleing multidimensional databases, multidimensional database schemas design and implementation in this research. It includes studies and research on schema design and implementation. Section 2.4 introduces fundamental information of data mining. It includes studies and research on the available techniques, method and process for OLAP Data Mining. Section 2.5 discussed the product comparisons for data warehouse, data mining and OLAP by Mitch Kramer. It includes the reason why Microsoft is used to design and implement the new proposed model.In this literature review, introduction to the relationships mingled with data warehouse, OLAP multidimensional database and data mining model for deploying four experimental applications for benchmarking. This research also proves th at the new proposed model data warehouse technology framework is ready to transmute any type of raw data into useful information. It will also help us to review the new proposed model of apiece existing data warehouse OLAP Multidimensional database framework.2.2 DATA WAREHOUSEAccording to William Inmon (1999), cognize as the Father of Data Warehousing, data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and non-volatile collection of data in support of the managements decision-making process. Data warehouse is a database containing data that usually represents the production line history of an administration. This historical data is used for analysis that supports muckleiness decisions at umpteen levels, from strategic planning to performance evaluation of a discrete organisational unit.Data store is a type of database carcass aimed at strong integration of in operation(p) databases into an environment that enables strategic use of data (G. Zhou et al., 1995 ). These technologies include relational and multidimensional database management systems, client/ master of ceremonies architecture, meta-data modelling and repositories, graphical user interface and much more (J. Hammer et al., 1995 V. Harinarayan et al., 1996).Data warehouse currently are much a subject of researched is non only vulgarly used in business or finance sector but can buoy be applied appropriately in various sectors. Data warehouse are designed for analyzing or processing of data into useful information using data mining tools for lively decision-making. Data warehouse provides access to difficult environments of an enterprise dataIn these literature studies, two authorised authors are identified as the main contributors and co-founder in the part of Data warehouse, William Inmon (1999 2005) and Ralph Kimball (1996, 2000). Both author perceptions on data warehouse design and architecture differ from unity another. According to Inmon (1996), data warehouse is a dependent data mart structure, whereas Kimball (1999) moldd data warehouse as a bus structure which is a combination of data mart populated together as a data warehouse. put over 2.1 discussed the differences in data warehouse ideology between William Inmon and Ralph Kimball.Table 2.1 William Inmon and Ralph Kimball Data Warehouse DifferencesWilliam InmonRalph KimballParadigmInmons Paradigm An enterprise has one data warehouse, and data marts source their information from the data warehouse. Information is stored in 3rd normal form.Kimballs Paradigm Data warehouse is the collection of heterogeneous data marts within the enterprise. Information is always stored in the dimensional model.ArchitectureArchitecture Using TOP-DOWN approachArchitecture Using Bottom-up approachConceptDatas integration from various systems to centralized repositoryConcept of dimensional modelling (Bridging between Relational and multidimensional DB) stick outThe design pattern dependent on 3rd normalization form, conception is for data granularity.Datas marts are connected in a bus structure. Datas marts are the union of data warehouse. This approach is cognize also as Virtual Data Warehouse.ETL MethodsDatas extraction from operational data sources. Data are feed in staging database area. Data are then change, integrate, and unify and transfer to Operational Data Store database. Data are then load to data mart.Data extracted from legacy system and then consolidated and support in staging database. Data feed into ODS and more data us added/updated. Operational Data Store contains fresh counterpart data that is integrated and qualifyed to the data mart structure.Data martData Marts are available as a subset of the data warehouse.Data Marts can be placed at divers(prenominal) at disparate servers or in geographical locations.Based on this Data Warehouse literature, both Inmon (2005) and Kimball (2000) have different philosophies, but they do have similar agreement on a self-mad e design and implementation of data warehouse and data marts are mainly depending on the effective collection of operational data and validation of data mart. Both approaches having the same database staging concepts and ETL process of data from a database source. They also have a common understanding that independent data marts or data warehouses cannot fulfil the requirements of end users on an enterprise level for precise, timed and relevant data.2.2.1 DATA WAREHOUSE architectureData warehouse architecture is a wide research area. It has many different sub-areas and it can be treated with different approaches in terms or analysis, design and implementation by different enterprise. In this research studies, the aim is to provide a complete view on data warehouse architecture. dickens important scholars Thilini (2005) and Eckerson (2003) from TDWI will discussed in more details on the topic on data warehouse architecture.According to Eckerson (2003), onwards implementing a supr emacyful business intelligence systems where users can use programs like specialized reporting tools, OLAP tools and data mining tools upfront, a data warehouse architecture model mainly slim down on the database staging process from different integrated OLTP systems is responsible for the ETL to the whole process workable. Thilini (2005) conducted a two stage study survey on investigate which factors whitethorn influence the trainion of data warehouse architecture. In Thilini literature study, there are five data warehouse architectures that are practice today as shown in Table 2.2.Table 2.2 Data Warehouse Architectures (Adapted from Thilini, 2005)Data Warehouse ArchitectureIndependent Data MartsIndependent data marts also known as localized and small sized data warehouses. It is mainly used by departments, divisions or regions of company to provide own operational databases. The data marts are different as the structures are different from different location with in concordant database design which makes it difficult to analyze across the data marts. Thilini (2005) cited the work of Winsberg (1996) and Hoss (2002) that It is common for memorial tabletal units to develop their own data marts. Data marts are best used as a prototype for adhoc data warehouse and as for evaluation forrader building a real data warehouse.Data Mart Bus ArchitectureKimball (1996) pioneered the designed and architecture of data warehouse with unions of data marts which are known as the bus architecture. Bus architecture Data Warehouse is derived from the unions of the data marts which are also known as Virtual Data Warehouse.Bus architecture allows data marts not only located in one server but it can be also being located on different server. This allows the data warehouse to functions more as virtual reality mode and gathered all data marts and process as one data warehouse.hub-and-spoke architectureInmon (2005) developed Hub and Spoke architecture. The hub is the central ser ver taking care of information exchange and the spoke handle data transformation for all regional operation data stores. Hub and Spoke mainly boil downed on building a scalable and maintainable infrastructure for data warehouse.Centralized Data Warehouse ArchitectureCentral data warehouse architecture nearly similar to hub-and-spoke architecture without the dependent data marts. This architecture copies and stores heterogeneous operational and out-of-door data to a single and consistent data warehouse. This architecture has only one data model which are consistent and complete from all data sources.According to Inmon (1999) and Kimball (2000), central data warehouse should have Database staging or known as Operational Data Store as an intermediate full point for operational processing of data integration before transform into the data warehouse.Federated ArchitectureAccording to Hackney (2000), Federated Data Warehouse is a integration of multiple heterogeneous data marts, datab ase staging or Operational data store, combination of analytical application and reporting systems. The concept of federated focus on framework of integration to make data warehouse as greatest as possible. Jindal (2004) conclude that federated data warehouse approach are a practical approach for a data warehouse architecture as it is focus on higher reliability and provide excellent evaluate if it is well defined, documented and integrated business rules.Thilini (2005) conclude that hub and spoke and centralized data warehouse architectures are similar and the survey scores are al more or less the same. Hub and spoke is faster and easier to implement because no data mart are required. For centralized data warehouse architecture scored higher than hub and spoke as for spur needs for relatively fast implementation approach.A data warehouse is a read-only data source where end-users are not allow to change the determine or data elements. Inmons (1999) data warehouse architecture st rategy are different from Kimballs (1996). Inmons data warehouse model splits data marts as a copy and distributed as an interface between data warehouse and end users. Kimballs views data warehouse as a unions of data marts. The data warehouse is the collections of data marts harmonize into one central repository. plat 2.1 illustrates the differences between Inmons and Kimballs data warehouse architecture adapted from Mailvaganam, H. (2007)Diagram 2.1 Inmons and Kimballs Data Warehouse Architecture (adapted from Mailvaganam, 2007)In this work, it is very important to identify which data warehouse architecture that is robust and scalable in terms of building and deploying enterprise wide systems. According to Laney (2000) and Watson, H. (2005), it is important to understand and select the appropriate data warehouse architecture and the success of the various architectures acclaimed by Watson. Analysis of this research proved that the most popular data warehouse architecture is hub- and-spoke proposed by Inmon as it is a centralized data warehouse with dependant data marts and second is the data mart bus architecture with dimensional data marts proposed by Kimball. The selection of the new proposed model will use the combination data warehouse architecture of hub-and-spoke and data mart bus architecture as the new proposed model data warehouse architecture are designed with centralized data warehouse and with data marts that can are used for multidimensional database modelling.2.2.2 DATA WAREHOUSE EXTRACT, TRANSFORM, LOADINGData warehouse architecture begins with extract, transform, fill (ETL) process to vouch the data passes the quality threshold. According to Evin (2001), it is prerequisite that right data are important and critical for the success on an enterprise. ETL are an important tool in data warehouse environment to ensure data in the data warehouse are cleansed from various systems and locations. ETLs are also responsible for running scheduled tas ks that extract data from OLTPs. Typically, a data warehouse is populated with historical information from within a particular organization (Bunger, C. J et al., 2001). The complete process descriptions of ETL are discussed in table 2.3.Table 2.3 Extract, Transform, and Load Process in Data Warehouse architectureProcessDescriptionsExtractExtract are the first process which involve in contemptible data from operational databases into database staging area or operational data store before populating into the data warehouse. In this stage, operational databases data need to be examined by extracting into the staging area for handling exceptions and fix all errors before it enters into data warehouse as this will save lots of time when loading into the data warehouse.TransformIn completion of data extraction in database staging area, it is then transform to ensure data integrity within the data warehouse. Transformation of data can be done in several methods such as filed mapping and a lgorithm comparisons.LoadAfter extract and transform of data, it is finally loaded into data warehouse (in Inmons model) or into data marts (in Kimballs model). Data loaded into data warehouse are quality data after the process of extraction where erroneous data are removed and data are transform to ensure integrity of the data.Calvanese, D. et al. (2001) highlight an enterprise data warehouse database tables whitethorn be populated with a wide variety of data sources from different locations and often including data providing information concerning a competitor business. Collecting all the different data and storing it in one central location is an extremely gainsay task where ETL can make it possible. ETL process as depicts in Diagram 2.2 begins with data extract from operational databases where data cleansing and scrubbing are done, to ensure all datas are validated. Then it is transformed to meet the data warehouse standards before it is loaded into data warehouse.Diagram 2.2Ex tract, Transport, Load ProcessG. Zhou et al.(1995) emphasise on data integration in data warehousing stress that ETL can assist in import and export of operational data between heterogeneous data sources using OLE-DB (Object linking and embedding database) based architecture where the data are transform to populate all quality data into data warehouse. This is important to ensure that there are no restrictions on the size of the data warehouse with this approach.In Kimball (2000) data warehouse architecture model depict in Diagram 2.3, the model focus in two important modules, the back room exhibit server and the front room. In the back room process, where the data staging swear outs in charge of gathering all source systems operational databases to perform extraction of data from source systems from different file format from different systems and platforms. Second step is to run the transformation process to ensure all inconsistency are removed to ensure data integrity. Finally, it is loaded into data marts. The ETL processes are commonly executed from a job control via scheduling task. The insertion server is the data warehouse where data marts are stored and process here. Data stored in star schema consist of dimension and fact tables. This is where data are then process of in the front room where it is access by query services such as reporting tools, desktop tools, OLAP and data mining tools.Diagram 2.3 Data Warehouse Architecture (adapted from Kimball, 2000)Nicola, M (2000) explains the process of retrieving data from the warehouse can vary greatly depending on the desired results. There are many form of possible retrieval from a data warehouses and it is flexibility that will drive how this retrieving process can be implemented. There are many tools for retrieving the data warehouse, such as building simple query and reporting done SQL subjectments. The tools may expand to OLAP and data mining, where the structure includes many more ordinal party tools. There are many inherent problems associated with data, which includes the limited amount of portability, and the often-vast amount of data that must be sifted through for from each one query.Essentially, ETL are obligatory for data warehouse to ensure data integrity. There are many factors to be considered such as complexness and scalability are among the two major issues that most enterprise faces by integrating information from different sources in order to have a clean and reliable source of data for mission critical business decisions. One way to achieve a scalable, non-complex solution is to adopt a hub-and-spoke architecture for the ETL process. According to Evin (2001), ETL best operates in hub-and-spoke architecture because of its flexibility and efficiency. Because of its centralized data warehouse design, it can influence the maintaining full access control of ETL processes. Also, empowers the usage of analytical and data mining tools by companionship workers.In this study on ETL for effective data warehouse architecture, it is known that Hub-and-spoke is best for data integration as it has the similarity in Inmon and Kimball architecture. The hub is the data warehouse after processing data from operational database to staging database and the spoke(s) are the data marts for distributing data. Inmon and Kimball also recommend same ETL processes to enable hub-and-spoke architecture. Sherman, R (2005) state that hub-and-spoke approach uses one-to-many interfaces from Data warehouse to many data marts. One-to-many are simpler to implement, cost effective in a long run and ensure consistent dimensions. Compared to many-to-many approach it is more complicated and costly.In this work on the new proposed model, hub-and-spoke architecture are use as Central repository service, as many scholars including Inmon, Kimball, Evin, Sherman and Nicola adopt to this data warehouse architecture. This approach allows locating the hub (data warehouse) and spo kes (data marts) centrally and can be distributed across local or wide area network depending on business requirement. In designing the new proposed model, the hub-and-spoke architecture clearly identifies six important data warehouse components that a data warehouse should have, which includes ETL, Staging Database or operational database store, Data marts, multidimensional database, OLAP and data mining end users applications such as Data query, reporting, analysis, statistical tools. However, this process may differ from organization to organization. Depending on the ETL setup, some data warehouse may overwrite old data with new data and in some data warehouse may only maintain history and audit trial of all changes of the data. Diagram 2.4 depicts the concept of the new proposed model data warehouse architecture.Diagram 2.4 New Proposed Model Data Warehouse Architecture2.2.3 DATA WAREHOUSE FAILURE AND SUCCESS FACTORSBuilding a data warehouse is indeed challenging as data warehou se ejection inheriting a unique characteristic that may impact the overall setup if the analysis, design and implementation phase are not properly done. In this research effort, it discusses the studies on failure and success factors in data warehouse project. Section 2.2.3.1 focuses on the investigation on data warehouse project failure and section 2.2.3.2 discuss and investigate mainly on the success factors by implementing the correct model to support a successful data warehouse project implementation.2.2.3.1 DATA WAREHOUSE FAILURE FACTORSHayen, R.L. (2007) studies shows that implementing a data warehouse project is costly and risky as a data warehouse project can cost over $1 million in the first year. It is estimated that one-half ad two-thirds of the effort of setting up the data warehouse projects attempt will fail eventually. Hayen R.L. (2007) citied on the work of Briggs (2002) and noticed three factors for the failure of data warehouse project that is Environment, Project and technical factors as shown in Diagram 2.5 and table 2.4 discussed the factors in more details.Diagram 2.5 Factors for Data Warehouse Failures (adapted from Briggs, 2002)Table 2.4 Factors for Data Warehouse Failures (adapted from Briggs, 2002)FactorsDescriptionsEnvironmentThis leads to organization changes in business, politics, mergers, takeovers and lack of top management support. Also, including human error, corporate culture, decision making and change management.TechnicalTechnical factors of a data warehouse project complexness and workload are taken too lightly where high expenses involving in hardware/software and people. Problems occurred when assigning a Project manager with lack of intimacy and project interpret in data warehouse costing may lead to impediment of quantifying the return on investment (ROI). Also, failure of managing a data warehouse projects also includes Challenge in setting up a competent operational and development team up plus not having a data warehouse manager or expert that is politically sound. Having an extended timeframe for development and delivery of data warehouse system may due to lack of experience and knowledge for selection of data warehouse products and end-user tools.* Failure to manage the scope of data warehouse project.ProjectPoor knowledge on the requirements of data definitions and data quality on different organization business departments. Also, Running a data warehouse projects with incompetent and insufficient knowledge in what technology to use may lead into problems later on data integration, data warehouse model and data warehouse applications.Vassiliadis (2004) studies shows that data warehouse project failures are an great threat and threatened by factors such as design, technical, procedural and socio-technical as illustrated in Diagram 2.6. These factors of failures are vital in finding any undesirable action for success. apiece factor group is described in table 2.5.Diagram 2.6 Factors for Data Warehouse Failures (adapted from Vassiliadis, 2007)Table 2.5 Factors for Data Warehouse Failures (adapted from Vassiliadis, 2007)FactorsDescriptionsDesignDesign factors in data warehouse project can put up with No Standard techniques or design methodologies. A data warehouse project when doing the analysis and design phase may accept ideas on metadata techniques or languages and data engineering techniques. Also, a proprietary solutions and also recommendations from vendors or in-house experts may define the design of the data warehouse blueprint landscape.TechnicalTechnical factors associate to the lack of know-how experience in evaluation and choices of hardware setup for data warehouse systemsProceduralProcedural factors concerning on the imperfection of data warehouse deployment. This factor focuses on training the end-users extensively on the new technology and the design of data warehouse which are completely different than the conventional IT solutions. users communitie s plays a vital role and are crucial in this factor.Socio-TechnicalSocio-technical factors in a data warehouse project may lead into problems on violation of organization modus operandi where the data warehouse systems will lead into restructuring or reorganization on the way organization operates by introducing changes to the user community.According to Vassiliadis (2007) also, another potence factors for the failure of data warehouse projects are the data ownership and access. This is considered vulnerable within the organization and one mustnt share nor acquire someone else data as this is comparable with losing authority on the data ownership and access. Also, restrict any departmental solution or request to own a total ownership of pure clean and error free data as this might cause potential problem on ownership data rights.Watson (2004) stress that the general factors for the failures in data warehouse project success comprises of weak sponsorship and top management support, shortsighted funding and users participation and organizational politic.2.2.3.2 DATA WAREHOUSE SUCCESS FACTORSData Warehouse Failures can lead into disastrous implementation if careful factors or measures are not taken into serious considerations as discussed in section 2.2.3.1 based on Briggs (2002) and Vassiliadis (2004) studies that may lead into data warehouse failures. According to Hwang M.I. (2007), data warehouse implementations are an important area of research and industrial practices but only few researches made an assessment in the critical success factors for data warehouse implementations. No doubt there is procedure for data warehouse design and implementation but only certain guidelines are subjected for experimental testing. So, it is best to settle down and choose the proper data warehouse model for implementation success.In this study on identifying and filling the gap analysis of the data warehouse success factors, a number of success factors are gathered from d ata warehouse scholars and professionals (Watson Haley, 1997 Chen et al., 2000 Wixom Watson, 2001 Watson et al., 2001 Hwang Cappel, 2002 Shin, 2003) to validate their experimental work and research strength individually on various characteristics of data warehouse success. This study beneficial in planning and implementing data warehouse projects and direct into the success of designing and implementing the new proposed model in this research.There are several success factors in designing and implementing data warehouse solutions and the most important success factors depend on the data warehouse model selection, as different organization may have different scope and road maps in the development of data warehouse. The results of building a successful data warehouse are then used to quantify the factors that are used and also prioritize those factors that are beneficial for continued research purpose to improve and enhanced the data warehouse model success.According to Hayen, R.L. (2007), data warehouse is a complex system which can complicate business procedures. The complexity of data warehouse prevents companies from changing data or transaction which are necessary. It is important then to analyze on which data warehouse model to be used for such complex systems that are sound critical to an organization. Hwang M.I. (2007) conducted a study on data warehousing model and success factors as a critical area of practice and research but only a few studies have been accomplish to measure the data warehouse projects and success factors. umteen scholars had conducted a profound research in the area of data warehouse and may have succeeded or failed due to possible reasons based on each scholars outcomes on the research. It is useful inspect a few case studies on a selected companied data warehouse implementation and to experiment the failure and success factors through survey. (Winter, 2001 Watson et al., 2004)Hwang M. I. (2007) conducted a survey study on six d ata warehouse scholars (Watson Haley, 1997 Chen et al., 2000 Wixom Watson, 2001 Watson et al., 2001 Hwang Cappel, 2002 Shin, 2003) on the success factors in a data warehouse project. Each scholar has different success factors that are measures in a project. Table 2.6 shows the mentioned six scholars survey study on data warehouse, Watson (1997) measures data warehouse success factors, Chen et al. (2000), Watson et al. (2001) and Shin (2003) measures data warehouse implementation factors and Hwang (2002) measures through development and management practices. Only Wixom (2001) as shown in diagram 2.7 measures both Data warehouse implementation and success factors which can be used as a model for a successful data warehouse implementation. Study shown in all 6 scholars review, without having data warehouse implementation and success factors, the consequences of any factors on a data warehouse success cannot be validated.Table 2.6 Factors for Data Warehouse Success (adapted from Hwan g M.I., 2007)StudyData Warehouse Success FactorsData Warehouse Implementation FactorsResults ReportedWatson Haley (1997)Focus on user involvement and support by having a clear and understandable business needs. Using methodology and modelling methods in data warehouse by targeting on clean data. Thus, support from speed management to contribute on the success.N/AOrdered list of successChen et al.(2000)N/AFocused on exactness and clearcutness of User satisfaction by Support and realization of end users needs.Support for end users affects user satisfactionWixom Watson (2001)Implementation factors include management support, resources, User participation, team skills, Source systemsaand development technology which contribute to the implementatio

Case Study: Pre Eclampsia | Essay

berth Study Pre Eclampsia EssayThis essay is based on a case study and will discuss the underlying pathophysiology, management and psychosocial aspects a patient faces when diagnosed with preeclampsia. Information was obtained through the patient and from their medical notes.Section A Case HistoryJB is a 38-year-old, gravida 4, para 0, Caucasian female who presented in infirmary at 36 weeks plus 5 days motherhood with sudden cultivation of oedema in the face and speeding and lower extremities a long with a severe headache.On examination her blood pressure (BP) was elevated at 171/107 mmHg. Her beatnik 81 beats per minute (bpm), respiratory rate 15 breaths per proceedings, and temperature was 36.4 C. Her urine sample showed ++ 2 proteinuria. There was evidence of oedema in her face and upper and lower extremities and her lower deep tendon reflexes were brisk but with step up any clonus. JB denied any visual disturbances and epigastric pain. On palpitation of the abdomen, the s ymphysio-fundal height was 38cm. The fetal finesse was longitudinal and the back appe ard to be on the right. The presentation appeared to be cephalic and the head was 3/5 engaged.Electronic fetal monitoring showed fetal nerve centre rate at 135 bpm, with reassuring variability. There was no deceleration and acceleration was normal. It was also noted that contractions were absent.Her antenatal care had been shared between the infirmary and her general practitioner and was un suitful until she was admitted to hospital on this occasion.On briefly reviewing JBs past medical history she has seasonal allergies as easy as long standing asthma in which she uses salbutamol inhaler to relieve her symptoms. JB also has a history of depression. In her family history her father suffers from hypertension as come up as cirrhosis and her mother has a remarkable medical history of extensive medical conditions such as hypertension, angina, and transient ischemic accidents. Both her agnatic gran dparents had a history of type 2 diabetes.With regards to her social history, JB works as a customer assistant and lives with her cooperator. JB has never smoked, and has not taken alcohol since finding out she was pregnant.Her past obstetric history is remarkable for recurrent miscarriages. She had two miscarriages at 6-8 weeks and one ectopic motherliness a year and a half past which miscarried naturally at 10 weeks.The initial investigations showed a normal full blood count, liver enzymes and creatinine. However urate (0.37 mmol/l) and the protein creatinine ratio (44 mg/mmol) levels were elevated. JB is demonstrating key cardinal symptoms of pre-eclampsia including hypertension, proteinuria, oedema, and cast upd reflexes.1A diagnosis of severe pre-eclamptic toxaemia was made, JB was admitted and marchment was commenced with 10mg nifedipine.With JB being admitted onto the ward, there was continuous monitoring of BP and fetal monitoring using cardiotocography (CTG). The next sunup JBs BP stabilised to 128/74 mm Hg and she reported feeling better. With the BP stable and a reassuring CTG a decision to brace sales talk was made and she was precondition Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) over three days. However there was poor response and the cervix remained obstinately unchanged and so it was decided the baby would need to be delivered via abdominal delivery section.Section B PathophysiologyPre-eclampsia is part of a range of conditions known as the hypertensive disorders of pregnancy.2 It is defined as a multisystem disorder characterised by the bran- forward-looking onset of raised BP (140/90 mm Hg) and proteinuria (at least 1 + on dipstick or 0.3 g/24 hours) aft(prenominal) 20 weeks of gestation.3-5 Although the triggering event initiating the syndrome is unknown, a two stage model of pre-eclampsia has been proposed (figure 1).1,6-9 The primary asymptomatic stage, characterised by inadequate remodelling of the federal agencyntal vasculature during t he first trimester results in trim placental perfusion track to placental ischemia and release of placental products into the maternal circulation.1,6,7 Consequently this initiates the second symptomatic stage, the maternal syndrome in which endothelial dysfunction precedes the clinical manifestations of the disease including feature hypertension, proteinuria, and glomerular endotheliosis.1,6,7 There is also risk for developing the HELLP syndrome (haemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets), progression to eclampsia, and end-organ damage.1,6,7Stage 1In normal pregnancy, following implantation, the excavate trophoblast electric cells of the adhering blastocyst differentiate into an inner cellular layer, the cytotrophoblast, and an outer syncytiotrophoblast.10,11 The undifferentiated cytotrophoblasts found in the inner layer evoke develop into hormonally active villous syncytiotrophoblasts, extravillous anchoring trophoblastic cell columns, and invasive intermediate tro phoblasts.10 The extravillous trophoblastic cells proliferate from the tips of anchoring chorionic villi to form the cytotrophoblast shell which line the uterine cavity.10,11 Cytotrophoblasts continue to migrate through the uterine endometrium until they reach the hand-build arteries, by which time they realise differentiated into an endothelial-like cell type.10,11 Endovascular trophoblast cells begin to remodel the spiral arteries by replacing the endothelium and smooth muscle cells resulting in the destruction of medial elastic, muscular and neural tissue.10-12These physiological changes result in an increased vessel diameter leading to the creation of a low-resistance arteriolar system with the absence of maternal vasomotor control, and therefore allowing a notable increase in blood supply to the developing fetus.7,10In pre-eclampsia this physiological dilatation does not evanesce adequately thus resulting in placental hypoperfusion and ischemia.1,8,10 The ischemic placenta m ay lead to the production of cytokines and growth factors as well as simulate placental programmed cell death or necrosis, resulting in release of humoral or particulate materials into maternal systemic circulation that promote generalised maternal vascular endothelium dysfunction, culminating in the clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia.1,8,10The infringement of trophoblast cells is regulated by factors show by the decidual barrier.7,10 These factors include cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix, proteinases, growth factors and cytokines.7,10 Malfunctions in any these factors may lead to poor trophoblast attack and subsequently pre-eclampsia.7,10 Immunological factors play a main factor in pre-eclampsia.7,10,11 Abnormal placentation may be the result of maternal immune rejection of paternal antigens conveyed by the fetus. Normally HLA-G, a class 1B MHC antigen, expressed by the extravillous trophoblasts protects from natural killer cell lysis.11-13 Women who develop pre-eclampsia do not appear to express this HLA-G and therefore are not protected.7,10Stage 2The clinical manifestations of pre-eclampsia can be linked to the pathophysiological changes that occur including vasoconstriction, activation of coagulation cascade and reduced plasma chroma.14Development of hypertension is a key feature of pre-eclampsia.1,8,14 During normal pregnancy, although through maternal physiological adaptations there is a 30-50 % increase in cardiac output, the decrease in peripheral vascular resistance results in decreased arterial BP.14 However, those who develop pre-eclampsia experience widespread vasoconstriction, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and decreased cardiac output.1,13 Evidence shows there to be an exaggerated sensitivity of the vasculature of women with pre-eclampsia to all vasopressors hormones, best known is the increased responsiveness to angiotensin II.1,13 This increase in vascular reactivity is thought to be due to an alteration in t he balance of prostaglandins as a result to the damage to vascular endothelial damage.1 JBs BP when she presented was 171/107 mm Hg. This is a considerably elevated and can be defined as severe pre-eclampsia (160 / 110 mm Hg).2-4Although fluid store and oedema occurs in patients with pre-eclampsia they are also a feature of normal pregnancy.1 Plasma volume increases by approximately 50% in uncomplicated gestations and normal gravidas sometimes experience oedema.1 However in pre-eclampsia plasma volume is decreased by 15-20% and in these cases women experience rapid weight crystalize and generalised oedema as a result of an abnormal shift of extracellular fluid (ECF) from the vascular to the extravascular compartment hence maintaining a low plasma volume and an increased interstitial fluid volume.1,14,17 With excessive accumulation of interstitial ECF, the presence of peripheral oedema particularly in the face and hands is seen. JB haemoglobulin was 130g/l, reflecting the haemocon centration seen in pre-eclampsia as a consequence of the reduced intravascular volume.1Women with pre-eclampsia also have noticeably reduced renal plasma flow (RPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR).1 The deterioration in RPF is attributed to vasoconstriction, whereas the fall in GFR is related to twain to the decline in RPF as well as to the morphological changes in the kidney.1 These characteristic pathological changes of pre-eclampsia are known as glomerular endotheliosis and comprise mainly of diffuse glomerular endothelial cell swelling, enough to obstruct the capillary lumen.1,7,8,13,15 The morphologic lesion is go with by functional changes in renal hemodynamics which correlates best with the magnitude of hyperuricemia and proteinuria.1,5 Early to middle pregnancy serum uric acid usually falls well below 0.24 mmol/l, in patients with pre-eclampsia levels often rise 0.27 mmol/l as seen in the case of JB (0.37 mmol/l).14 A number of studies have correlated the rise in se rum uric acid with the severity of pre-eclampsia and with the extent of glomerular injury.5,8 JBs PCR levels was also measured to estimate the extent of proteinuria. The result recorded 44 mg/mmol predicts significant proteinuria, the threshold being 30mg/mmol.17Left untreated, pre-eclampsia can proceed to life threatening convulsions termed eclampsia.18 Another specific complication that can arise from pre-eclampsia is the HELLP syndrome, which is illustrated by the sudden appearance of a microangiopathic haemolytic anaemia, elevation of liver enzymes and a rapidly falling platelet count.18 In these cases rapid interruption of pregnancy is required to avoid hepatic or renal failure, sepsis, or even death.1,6,7,15,18Section C ManagementTreatment for hypertension in pregnancy raises a series of challenges to the healthcare team.17 An in-depth knowledge of the adaptive physiological, psychological and social solvees is required in order to choose the optimal management for the mother and her fetus.17,19Incomplete intellectual of the aetiology in pre-eclampsia has hindered attempts at prevention.12,17 However military issueive and adequate prenatal care management of pre-eclampsia has led to the reduced mortality related to this disorder.15,16 This includes early detection and referral of women at high risk, careful monitoring with prevention and treatment of complications, and a decision regarding timely delivery.15,16 Delivery remains the definitive treatment for pre-eclampsia even though the disease progression may not resolve immediately.8Following diagnosis of pre-eclampsia, management relies on the initial observations recorded of both(prenominal) mother and fetus.4,16 The central goal of management of pre-eclampsia is ultimately to protect the wellbeing of the mother and prevent progression to eclampsia and then the delivery of a sinewy newborn.4,16 While delivery is always suitable for the mother, it might not be appropriate for a premature fetus.4,1 6 Therefore the decision to deliver is influenced by the mothers condition, gestational age and status of fetus at the time of assessment.4,16JBs management was given in accordance to guidelines from Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists.5,17 Based on JB diagnosis at 36.5 weeks she was admitted to hospital with the decision to induce labour and allow a vaginal delivery.Observations of vital signs including BP, heart rate, oxygen saturations, and respiratory rate were recorded every 15 minutes along with continuous CTG monitoring.5,15 A 10 mg dose of oral anti-hypertensive nifedipine was given to stabilize her BP before she could be induced. The sole need to treat is to prevent the hemorrhagic squeal of hypertension, in particular cerebral haemorrhage, rather than alter the progression of the disease process.2 Antihypertensive drug therapy is advised for pregnant women with systolic BP of 160 or diastolic BP 110 mm Hg.2,5,17 The goal of treatment is to lower systolic pr essure to 130-150 mmHg and diastolic pressure to 80-100 mmHg.5,17 It is also most-valuable that BP is bring down gradually to prevent hypotension as placental perfusion can be adversely affected and compromise the fetus15. With a conservative management plan in place and JB stable, the BP was measured every quaternary hours during the day. Full blood count, renal and liver function tests, were all carried out daily.5,17There are many possible choices of antihypertensives that are appropriate in pregnancy.8 Methyldopa and lagenus Betalol are first line antihypertensive drugs used in treatment of pre-eclampsia.4,5 Methyldopa is a centrally acting alpha2 agonist that reduces sympathetic outflow activity.15,20 Although it has a long track safety record, due to the common drug side effects of depression, in the case of JB with a history of depression it was agreed an alternative should be used.14,15 The use of labetalol was also contraindicated in JB case as she is asthmatic.5 Labeta lol is a non selective beta blocker and a selective alpha blocker.15,21As both of these were contraindicated in JB case, nifedipine was prescribed instead. nifedipine is a type 2 calcium telephone circuit blocker which is usually used as a second line agent in cases where BP is noncompliant to treatment with methyldopa and beta blockers.15,20,21 It acts by inhibiting the innermost transfer of calcium ions from extracellular space and by the inhibition of uptake by smooth muscle cells.15,20,21 Its primary effect is to cause smooth muscles relaxation.15,20,21 Nifedipine has become a widely used antihypertensive, owing to its ability to vasodilate the vasculature with rapid onset and its full reversibility on discontinuing the drug.15,20,21 With respect to use of drugs in pregnancy, nifedipine has been rated as a Category C drug.21 This means that its use is recommended only when likely maternal benefits are seen to outweigh possible fetal effects, as the teratogenic effect of the dr ug on the fetus is uncertain.21Once the BP was stabilized, induction of labour commenced. It is recommended that women in presence of severe pre-eclampsia at or beyond 34 weeks gestation to be induced to prevent the progression of the disease to eclampsia.5 Induction of labour was stimulated via PGE2, which contains dinoprostone. Its mechanisms of action are similar to the natural cervical ripening process.22,23 It is administered intravaginally to induce cervical ripening by directly softening the cervix, relaxing the cervical smooth muscle, and producing uterine contractions.22,23 There has been some debate of the use of dinoprostone in women with a history of asthma however PGE2 is a bronchodilator, thus not contraindicated to use, in JB case. 23For women whom there is a concern about the risk of eclampsia, it is recommended they receive atomic number 12 sulphate as a prophylactic to protect against seizures, however in JBs case it was held off. The MAGPIE study demonstrates that the risk of eclampsia is more than halved in these women.5,8,24 However, it is also expenditure noting that only 1-2 % of pre-eclamptic women in the UK had fitted in the absence of anticonvulsant treatment.24 After magnesium sulphate is administered, extra caution is needed due to the potency of the drug which can lead to respiratory depression especially where nifedipine has previously been taken.21 When magnesium sulphate has been prescribed, it should be continued at least 24 hours post partum, as the risk of eclampsia does not resolve immediately after delivery. 5,14,15,24The majority of women following deliver with severe pre-eclampsia will require inpatient care for four days or more.5 JB was discharged on the forth day after careful review of her clinical signs. She was continued on her anti hypertensive treatment, and was to be reviewed as an outpatient. JB was also offered a postnatal follow up to discuss the events of the pregnancy as well as preconception counselling.5S ection D psychological and Social AspectsEpidemiologyPre-eclampsia complicates about 2-8 % of pregnancies and may have serious effects on the mother and child, which makes it important threat to pubic health in both developed and developing countries. 2,24,25 Worldwide maternal mortality and morbidity from pre-eclampsia and eclampsia remains high, it is estimated to be creditworthy for approximately 12 % of maternal deaths per year. 24 It is estimated that pre-eclampsia is accountable for 67% of the referrals to day care assessment units, 20% of antenatal admission and 25% of obstetric admissions to intensive care units in the UK .26The cost of treating pre-eclampsia varies between 500-10000 including the sum of hospital stay, induction costs, mode of birth, and pre-admission costs.17Due to improvements in antenatal care in the UK, syndrome of eclampsia and development of HELLP syndrome is now rare.17 Eclampsia is reported in 1 in 2000 pregnancies.8,15,25 Also perinatal mortality ra tes are gradually improving, due to advances in antenatal care, early detection, improved anaesthesia, early delivery and expert neonatal paediatric care.15Factors associated with an increase risk of pre-eclampsia include nullparity, African-American ethnic background, multiple gestations, obesity, chronic hypertension, molar pregnancy, family history of pre-eclampsia and a previous history of pre-eclampsia.4,8PsychosocialWomen who experience pre-eclampsia are exposed to significant amount of psychological and social stress.27 These stress disturbances in turn may have a significant impact on the mother and baby during the important early months following delivery.27,28 Pre-eclampsia is a disease which develops without warning therefore as JB reported, she found herself having to deal with the unexpected and dramatic changes in fetal health risk as well as her own all of a sudden. The diagnosis of pre-eclampsia initiates feelings of fear, shock, and sometimes even disbelief particul arly to those experiencing it well before term. Shock comes from the fact that they were being hospitalised and felt unprepared for delivery.27,28 JB was very nervous after being admitted to hospital as she and her baby were regularly monitored and the realisation of the serious consequences the disease possess.28,29There was also a sense of frustration as well as disempowerment as JB felt she had no control over the situation, and it was no longer just a personal responsibility. These feelings were amplified through the lack of sufficient information given on the disease, not completely informed about her actual situation, and on the medical decisions being made.27,28JB was very emotional as she felt responsible for developing pre-eclampsia and worried about the risks she may have propelled on her child. Other psychological stresses were requirement of bed rest, boredom and being separated from her partner during hospitalisation.28For those women who are diagnosed well before term, there is a greater risk of prematurity.28 These women being unprepared for the experience of delivering a premature baby can be a major component of shock and fear experienced. When progression of disease leads to complications, an emergency caesarean section which is usually performed can be very traumatic experience and life can suddenly be thrown into chaos. 27,28 These women usually have less(prenominal) early contact with there baby and are less likely to breast feed as they are recovering from surgery.27,28For those who unfortunately loose their baby, they will be faced with the complex and traumatic events of grieving. This grieving process can be coupled to relationship problems as partners usually grieve differently.28Women with pre-eclampsia are at increased risk of reoccurrence with subsequent pregnancies therefore it is important they are advised of this if they wish to conceive again.28,30The experience of severe pre-eclampsia may be overwhelmingly stressful. There is little time to adjust to new realities. Women may blame themselves adding the burden of guilt to the acute emotional chaos that follows diagnosis.ConclusionIn conclusion, pre-eclampsia remains a global problem and a clinical challenge. It is a significant cause of maternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity. As the triggering factors remain unknown, prevention of the disease becomes difficult. At present, the only treatment excerption for pre-eclampsia is delivery, but this is not always simple and usually involves a risk-benefit balance between health of mother and the maturity of the fetus.

Personal Leadership And Management Development Nursing Essay

Personal Leadership And Management Development Nursing Es opineThis unit is interesting in the understanding that it provide help develop individualised drawing cardship and watchfulness skills to support the achievement of person-to-person attendinger goals and organisational objectives. There atomic number 18 three encyclopedism outcomes that are expect to achieve upon completing this assignment.First is the analysis of personal leadinghiphip and counsel skills to encourage achievement of organisational objectives. This would include an assessment criterion and analysis of the impact of organisational objectives, value and agri finis on the leading and management role. It would entail assessing personal drawship and management skills and identifying personal development.Second is to manage development of personal leadinghip and management skills to be able to meet organisational objectives. This would mean assessing of opportunities for development of leadership and management skills, constructing and managing personal development of leadership and management skills.And the last is to evaluate the effectiveness of personal development plans to develop management and leadership skills. It is my hope that by being able to discuss task 1 and 2, I would be to stop or so aspects of personal leadership and management development that would be helpful in the way I serve the composition I am affiliated.Task 1To begin with, defining the meaning arranging is essential. Organisation means a social unit of plurality having a systematic structure. Such system is managed so as to pursue collective goals or to serve to a need. This is on a continuing basis. For each organisation, at that place is a set of its own objectives, set and culture on the leadership and management role. An example would be the mission and vision of Lynde House Care Home. It aims at putting quality first in everything they do for the residents and its relatives. The staff me mbers aspire to be the most and successful care providers. Such objective has a big impact on the leadership and management role. The achievement of the said objective in mavens own contentedness as a leader/ manager is important. Then, what is the role of the leader in attaining these objectives.First and foremost, the leader mustiness raise the awareness of every member of the staff as regards the organisational objectives. There is a need for the leader to understand what and how each individual fag contribute to achieving such objectives. Leadership logically needs authority. But it is not an authority which stupefys a weapon to control state. As an objective incidentor, to be a leader, one must view the managerial ability and skill. It is said that the most common skills are technical skills and conceptual skills. Meaning one must have the sufficient knowledge of the organisational objectives and appropriate strategies to implement them. One must be able to understand organizational concepts and to make them comprehensible to the members of the organization. Subjectively, one must have personal qualities as leader like being person-oriented, skillful motivator, confident in their finalitys, etc. One must have the competency for communicating being able to respond and to negotiate.Leadership has a major influence in the success of the organization. Leaders bring about the values and culture necessary for changes and origin within the institution. Thus, they corporation adapt effective strategies and together with well-motivated employees such strategies forget be carried out. Leaders are not only limited to management, that is concentrate only execution and control but they screwing be whatsoever level of the organization.If leaders have the ability to motivate positively those around them, in special(prenominal) the vital resource of the organization, the members of the workforce, then the organization provide certainly benefit from them. In fact, through this influence of leaders and effectively encouraging the people to a shared vision, the organization can move towards developing its people, its resources and evaluate the clients use their run or interact with them. Leaders can in addition determine whether or not that experience is beneficial.With leadership playing an important role in the favorable outcome of information centers and clients experiences, it would be helpful to discuss the different types of leaders and their potential impact, for example, on nursing home as an organization.The current leadership theories classify leaders found upon traits or how influence and power are employ to attain organizational objectives. For trait-based verbal descriptions, leaders may be autocratic, democratic, bureaucratic or charismatic. If it is to understand leadership from the perspective of the exchange of power and its utilization to secure outcomes, leaders may be situational, transactional or transfor mational.Grasping the meaning of these different terminologies can help provide a more(prenominal)(prenominal) meaningful discussion on leadership. It is worthy mentioning that not all leaders are stimulated equal and leadership quality greatly vary from one organization to another or still honorable within organization. It is an important aspect in leadership quality evaluation, to be able to identify the leader style of the individual. The leadership style will besides gauge how effective the person is in leading the organization realize its goals.At this point, it is necessary to appearance into some common leadership styles. To understand how leaders style affect the organization and to look for positive benefits as regards some leadership style are also important. Below is a brief description of the different leadership styles.In autocratic type of leadership, the leader dictates everything to be done. Commitment, creative thinking and innovation are not valued for memb ers are controlled in the sense that they have to do as see to ited. It is a do as I say type of leaders who forces the members to bring to pass touch ones in the organization even attends as dictated. The leader of this type generally makes the decision without consulting from the members. Working together for a shared vision or motivating the members do not compel part of the style of this leadership. This type of leadership can at times be beneficial for example in crucial military conflicts or in poor organization resulting to an inability to meet deadlines for projects. However, this type of leadership can lay problems to the organization. Since the members are controlled and are not able to contribute their ideas, they choke displease and can even harbor resentment against the leader. When this happens, leadership will fail and the overall performance of the members will suffer.In order to attain the set goals of the organization, bureaucratic leadership will make clea r and intelligible policies. For bureaucratic leaders policies will urge forward execution, strategy, objectives and outcomes. When policies are stated, bureaucratic leaders feel so secure that they can persuade the members to move on through policies. It is the policy that counts instead of the people. Policies directing the procedures and processes to be performed are more important for a bureaucratic leader than motivating and developing people in the workforce. This type of leadership can lead to antagonistic behavior or reserved and remote stance from the members. But problems having to do with policies may not always be evident until the harm is done. Policies alone are not sufficient to motivate and develop people to commit themselves to achieve organizational goals. Bureaucratic leaders hold policies as primarily decisive that they become indifferent even tend to oppose any complaints regarding the said policies. Policies are needed for any good organizational management bu t they must be care richly considered. For lack of due though and care and blindly implemented policy will not give incentive for employees to perform well thus, resulting to frustrated believed outcomes. Both the autocratic and bureaucratic leadership styles lack the capacity to peoples development. It can be noted that there are more negative consequences in these leadership styles rather than something that promotes the well-being of the members or the organization in itself.Democratic leadership is another leadership style in which the members thoughts, ideas or opinions are solicited in the decision-making process. In this style of leadership, the members are more participative, thus, creativity and increase of group morale can be evident. Since members could feel more involved, they can also be more committed to the projects. This may result in higher positive outcomes. However, this leadership style can have set plunk fors, too. For example, when the members cannot give qual ity contributions necessary for decision-making, certain projects can fail to move on. It is also fleshy to build a consensus when democratic leaders expect that everyone share the same level of expertise as regards decisions. For this style of leadership, a great amount of driving force is needed thus, decision-making can be a very slow process.Charismatic leadership can be an effective trait-driven leadership style. Charismatic leaders inspires, motivates the members. non only do they have the clarity of the vision but they have the creativity to encourage the members to execute the said vision. Charismatic leaders have the personality, the capacity and the skill to translate an idea to something new, new-fangled and different for the good of the organization and can arouse the members to be part of the innovation. This style of leadership may work the most successful yet, it has some drawbacks. Since the charismatic leader holds the group even attaining a status of a hero, t he members can check blindly and can become passive followers. With this build of submission, they may allow the leader to manipulate them. If the charismatic leader departs, it can leave a big vacuum in the organization resulting to a confused and rudderless management. The organization can struggle for years for it is hard to replace a charismatic leader. Charismatic leaders can create happy and well-motivated members but rarely gives way for developing future leaders.The trait-based leadership styles such as autocratic leadership, democratic leadership, bureaucratic leadership and charismatic leadership have been discussed. At this point, other types of leadership from the perspective of the exchange of power and its utilization to secure outcomes will be discussed. These are situational leadership, transactional leadership and transformational leadership.Situational leadership refers to a kind of leadership where the leader continuously makes suitable adjustments and adopts va rious styles for different situations or outcomes. In practice, this kind of leadership is helpful especially for leaders who are experienced for they are highly sensitive to the needs of the organization and its members. This style may work well when members are inexperienced and need some kind of coaching. The leader tells them exactly what to do and how to do it. Leaders responding to situational factors can choose freely from ones experiences of the different processes with the aim of approaching a desired result. But if the leader has applied the inappropriate style, problems can arise. Leadership of this style can be confusing especially when processes and decisions are not consistent. It can be said also that this type of leadership is management rather than leadership per se.Transactional leaders provide clear structure of what is expected of the member of the organization and if one is able to perform it accordingly, a reward is given. Such reward can be in the form of good performance review, a raise, a promotion, new responsibilities or a desired change in duties. Transactional leadership can be effective when working on clear goals and objectives of the organization. The members are also clear of what is expected of them to sue such goals. However, if reward becomes the only motivating factor for the followers, creativity among them are less encouraged and it is likely that human development even professionally at a higher level will not be ensured.In transformational leadership, leaders are able to provide opportunities for members of the organization to change and to transform them. Transformational leaders become role models for their knowledge, expertise and vision to change those around them. They have the commitment to the organizations vision and inspire those they lead to work in the same spirit. Since innovation and creativity are valuable factors for transformational leaders, they develop each individual as quality contributors. It is co nsidered as the best leadership for it considers each individuals own evolving thought process and changing responses. They empower the members to give their best, thus, creating a people-based vision within the organization. Even if the leader is no longer present, leaders can come out from the change members and are able to continue to help the organization move on to productive outcomes. For environments that are fast-changing and that creative problem solving and customer commitment become a priority, transformational leadership can be effective. In any leadership, the personality and the behavior of leader are important any limitation can pose a problem.Each organisation has a culture meaning the beliefs and values that have existed in an organisation for a period of time. Any organizational culture determines the beliefs and values of the members, thus, such culture has an impact on the attitudes and behaviour of the people in the workforce even to their commitment to custome rs service. Since the priority concern of administrators is the accomplishment of the organizational mission, there is usually an adjustment as regards leadership behaviour. And depending on the leadership style employed would also determine the job satisfaction of employees. Therefore, the blood surrounded by organisational cultures, leadership behaviour and job satisfaction of employees must be grasped well.The culture within an organisation is very vital. It has an essential role in determining whether there is a happy and healthy environment where the members can perform their work. There is a need to motivate the members to acknowledge and accept the fundamental organizational values, thus, discourse and creativity of how to promote those values must be considered. Good relationship between the leadership and followers will create greater contribution to police squad communication and collaboration. It will also inspire them to accomplish the mission and objectives assigned by the organization. This will certainly enhance job satisfaction among the members.Management in business terms can often mean just doing whatever to keep the organization moving on. If one desires to make ones business to grow, to become more productive and to be more customer-based service, fundamental skills in leadership and management must be well assimilated. Such skills can help to prevent crisis situations. These primary skills include problem solving and decision making, intend, meeting management, delegation, communication and managing oneself. Certainly, they will support the attainment of the organisational objectives.As a leader, one is required to know how to respond to any circumstances that may arise in the organisation. Leadership must understand well the organisational objectives, values and culture. A clear comprehension of the organizational objectives and its culture will help the leader determine the style of leadership to employ. This may need a bureaucrat ic type of leadership to be able to follow the organisational objectives accordingly. Members of the organization may find such leadership difficult but if the leader can acknowledge the contribution of each individual then the organization will be able to operate well.TASK 2What is the so-called personal leadership? Personal leadership is not a mere dexterous exercise but rather it is a way of being and interacting with the world from the inside out. It is where the mind, the heart and the body become integrated so that one is fully present in ones life as well as to the things outside himself. One is aware to his habitual behavior and shows willingness to encounter every situation with fresh eyes, with beginners mind. It is this kind of personal and professional commitment that help to become effective in an environment of heathen differences.In personal leadership, one does not unless react from external circumstance but rather one tries to move to an inner experience where di scernment of the best possible response can own place. For example when feelings like being frustrated or confused by a situation, the principles of personal leadership will lead one to pause to be able to create the so-called critical plaza between ones automatic reaction and ones righteous sense of being frustrated or confused. The critical space of being able to pause, no matter even for a moment will lead one to think a better way of saying or doing. This way of reacting shows, indeed, an intercultural competence. Personal leadership is actually leadership of oneself. It takes into account ones own personal experiences, ones own cultural courseming and way of acting as one relates with others whether in ones personal or professional life. This way of being brings about quality levels of learning and insight, mutual collaboration and creativity in situations of cultural difference.Leadership and management skills must include an ability to solve problems and make decision to do planning according to the organizational goals to know how to delegate responsibilities to people and work load to be able to communicate to have meeting management skills and most importantly to be able to know how to manage oneself. Thus, one must learn the behaviors and attitudes of an effective leader.To be a good leader, one must be able to know ones personal skills. Knowing what one is commensurate of will help the leader assess in what areas one can better contribute and to work more to improve weak areas. This can be done by having personal skills study. A skills audit would mean the process which is employed to identify the skill gaps in an organisation. It has to be remembered that the objective of doing a skills audit is to improve ones ability as a leader. To raise the leaders capacity to a more excellent quality, the training needs analysis is vital for this will identify where training is needed.SKILLS AUDITSkills and work competency areasSelf assessment 1 2 3 4U sing and developing my knowledgeResearching, investigation and problem-solvingCommunicating outwardlyListening and interpretation, establishing rapport, understanding needsDeveloping solutions and agreeing things with peopleSpeaking and presenting to groupsUsing information and communications technologyDecision MakingVisioning, creating, and excite others with my ideasManaging time, planning, and being effective, efficient, productive, and reliableBehaviours, attitudes and personal styleSelf assessment 1 2 3 4Striving for personal developmentTaking personal responsibility to resolve problems, even those not of my own makingUnderstanding the way people really feelDeveloping positive relationshipsKeeping focussed and productive, reliable and dependableSelf confidenceManaging stress and conflictTeam-workingHaving compassion and care for othersManaging upwards and sideways (my managerial superiors and my peers).Using integrity and ethics in my judgement about work and organisational i ssuesRating4 Very wellI feel confident in my ability to use this skill.3 fittedI am able to use this skill well, but my ability could be improved.2 Needs attentionMy ability to use this skill needs to improve.1 Needs considerable attentionI struggle with this skill and need to put in considerable work to develop this skill.After doing the skills audit, the beside step would be to plan on how to improve the areas that need most attention. There is always the possibility to develop more my leadership and management skills. This can be done, for example by asking some ideas from ones mentor, by assisting training programs aimed at attaining certain levels of skills and attending some classes offered by the organisation.Personal development planning is a vital process of shaping an action plan based on awareness, values, reflection, goal-setting and planning for personal development within the context of a career, education, relationship or for self-improvement. To construct a persona l development plan, one needs to have a clear objective to develop leadership and management skills. base on my personal skill audit, one objective that I can make is to improve my ability to talk before any type of sense of hearing and to act confidently regardless of what the situation may be. I need the courage to voice out my ideas and opinions and to be willing to try new things even to take some risks. I must be always open to look for new opportunities rather than walk the common path. I need to occupy the confidence to be able to influence others in my decision-making to be assertive and to be able to take control of situations. Feeling something is really good, I must be able encourage others to accept my recommendations, ideas and decisions. This would mean to proactively take the lead in as many situations as possible. When there is a group decision to be made, I must be able to be the first to give recommendations. At the same time, I need not agree with everything oth ers say but be able to say no firmly. I need to stand firm on my own decisions without being influenced or controlled by others. And lastly, in terms of dealing with stress and conflict, I must be able to assess calmly any situation before reacting to it. Furthermore, I must look for positives in any circumstance and make the best of any un-favourable situations. I must work more to focus my energy on finding a solution to certain problems rather than losing my temper. These are some concrete areas I need to develop as regards my leadership and management skills.Task 3In this task, I was asked to implement my plans and to show how I am going to manage my personal development of leadership and management skills. In task 2, I cited my plans and objectives based on my skills audit. An example cited was in terms of confidence. If I can have confidence, I can open new opportunities for myself. I will able to command more respect and to challenge others for more collaborative efforts to w ork for the organizational goals. I can dare to try new things and to do what others are not doing which can give me more opportunities for success and can make my life more interesting as well. Though it will take a lot of courage and patient practice, with confidence I will be able to allow radiating my authentic selfThrough positive assertiveness, I can no longer follow other peoples will and decisions. I can choose for myself opportunities which can help me improve my personal leadership and management skills. By being assertive, I can be more participative and can make more quality contribution. It can further build my confidence and boost my self-esteem. learning self-control especially in terms of outburst of anger is important. It is maintaining a calm disposition and discerning a better way of responding. This would mean learning to choose ones words and to refrain from saying things that I will be disappointed or distressed later on. In difficult situations, I will learn not to give vent to anger but rather I will think of ways of using my energy in a positive way. I can try practicing compassion in recognizing the struggle of others instead of pointless confrontations. Being able to attain positive feed back can only happen in a calm atmosphere where there is no blaming. At times it can be difficult in the sense that others may feel that I am too bossy and arrogant. If this perception occurs, they would not want to follow and even listen to your suggestions. Proper communication with them can help in making them understand the organisational objectives and my plans for the organisation based on its mission and vision. Communication can allow them to understand my attitudes and behaviour. It is a fact that it is difficult to keep everyone in the organization become involved but creating an atmosphere of trust where a good flow of communication is important.Task 4In this task, I have reviewed my personal development plan in accordance to the original objectives at task 1. The aim is to render quality service in all aspects for our residents, relatives and staff. It is a vital to become the most successful care provider. Through my personal development of leadership, I have received a positive feedback from my colleagues and managers as regards the way I handled the new carer and some complaints of the service users. The managers are happy in my way of responding to such situations. The relatives and the service users are pleasant with the care that we are providing them in line with the healthcare and organisational standards. I think in order for me to maintain my leadership skills better, I would need to have good timing management, discipline and to stay focused on the task at hand. Further more, I think it is necessary to develop more my skills on decision-making by attending training programs and even attend some classes regarding good decision-making. Through these training, I can update as well my personal development p lan. It is my desire to become a better and respectable leader in the future.ConclusionThere are many leadership styles and certainly one can learn good aspects from them, yet, it is more essential to know the quality of ones personal leadership style. Knowing this through skill audit is a tool to discover more the positive and apparently negative aspects in the way one leads. Self-awareness is the key to effective personal leadership and management development.Each organization has its own particular environmental context of purpose, culture and needs. Before engaging in any personal leadership or management development, it will be helpful to put down time to get a clear grasp of the organizations priorities, strengths and weaknesses, challenges and competency gaps. There must be a balance between skills development and behaviour, attitudes and personality development. The last mentioned would require more sincere commitment and would be more on a long-term basis for each individ ual is different and unique. Any program for personal leadership and management development must support both the growth process of each individual and the growth process of the organization as well.

William Butler Yeats Adams Curse Essay -- William Yeats Adam Curse E

William Butler Yeats Adams Curse The poetry Adams Curse (William Butler Yeats, reprinted in Ric ch all in allenging Ellmann and Robert OClair. The Norton Anthology of Modern Poetry, 2nd ed. W.W. Norton & Company, Inc. 1988 147-148) carries the tooth root of a curse throughout the poem, and ties it in with experiences in the text. Adams Curse can make connections with three situations that are central to the poem, and they are the following first, the pain and hard work (footnote 6 p147) of deciphering poetry next, the pain and hard work (p147) of being a woman, and finally the pain and hard work (p147) of making love work. These connections pass water and support the central story of the poem, and give the poem its unique feel. The feel of the poem is helped immensely by the change which is unassuming, as it lets the story tell itself without interfering. Together, the form and the numerous examples of a disheartening plague create a solid piece of work that can make a reader s heart cry. A telegraph wire will take us hours maybe/ Yet if it does not seem a moments thought/ Our stitching and unstitching has been naught(4-6). With these lines, Yeats sets up the situation of poetry variant and deconstructing a poem for greater meaning for his three main characters. They invest many hours pondering poetry and if this exercise does not turn up deeper insight, all their work of examining the poem from different perspectives and angles- hence the stitching and unstitching(6)- has been for secret code. The narrator and his companions define themselves by their work, and deep down inside of them their toiling represents the core of their beings. This sentiment is scoop out exemplified by the lines Better go down upon your marrow bones/ And scrub a ... ...e poem, without getting caught up in the wording and structure. Adams Curse is a poem that increases in sadness as the verses build up to the end. It is an end where the narrator realizes that he is not abl e to love in that old high room of love,(37) and that he is as vacant as the moon that illuminates his thoughts and his heart as he comes to the dreary conclusion. It is also an end that reveals the true curse of Adam in the darkness of night, a realization with such doom that it could not have been uncovered during a sunny unassuming afternoon. It is the close of a session that leaves the participants with nothing to say, feeling empty from the revelations that they could not quite muster up. This inadequacy leaves the three characters with an empty husk for a heart, forcing them to be alone searching for new ideas to sustain themselves-a true curse indeed.

Non-masculine Roles in Othello Essay -- Othello essays

Non-masculine Roles in Othello In William Shakespe atomic number 18s tragic drama Othello the three women characters have interesting roles. Through the dialogue and action other roles are stated or implied as applying to women. In Historical Differences Misogyny and Othello Valerie Wayne presents Desdemonas reaction to Iagos verbal expressions concerning womens role as sexual objects Iago preferably claims that four different kinds of women are sexually wanton either their beauty or intelligence help them to bed, or their ugliness or foolishness get under ones skin them there anyway. Fair or foul, wise or foolish, women are all whores to him. Desdemona dismisses this miserable praise as old fond paradoxes to make fools laugh i th alehouse (136-7), but it is a particularly rank form of such mockery that dilates in every instance upon women as objects for sexual use and accordingly blames them, as whores, for a use constructed by that discourse. (163) At the outset of the p lay Iago persuades the rejected suitor of Desdemona, Roderigo, to accompany him to the home of Brabantio, Desdemonas father, in the middle of the night. one time there the two awaken the senator with loud shouts about his daughters elopement with Othello. This is the initial reference to the role of women in the play the role of wife. In solution to the noise and Iagos vulgar descriptions of Desdemonas involvement with the general, Brabantio arises from bed. Iagos bawdy references to the senators daughter present a second role of women that of illicit lover. With Roderigos help, he gathers a search party to go and find Desdemona and bring her home. The fathers attitude is that life without his Desdemona will be much worse than before... ...er own husband as the evil mastermind behind the murder results in Iagos killing her. Despondent Othello, grief-stricken by compunction for the tragic mistake he has made, stabs himself and dies on the bed next to his wife. Thus it is seen that the roles of women are many and varied and are key to the successful development of the story. whole caboodle CITED Bevington, David, ed. William Shakespeare Four Tragedies. New York Bantam Books, 1980. Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http//www.eiu.edu/multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos. Wayne, Valerie. Historical Differences Misogyny and Othello. The Matter of Difference Materialist Feminist Criticism of Shakespeare. Ed Valerie Wayne. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press, 1991. e implicates